@article{ author = {Bavasheh, Nahid and Karmostaji, Afsaneh}, title = {Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Evaluation of blaOXA-10, blaPER-1, blaVEB, blaSHV Genes in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Hospital in South of Iran in 2014-2015}, abstract ={Background:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections with a mortality rate up to 40-50%. Resistance to antibiotics is a global challenge in the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium.  The Class A beta-lactamases genes, including blaSHV, blaPER, blaVEB, are the most common causes of resistance in this microorganism. This study was conducted to determine antibiotic resistance pattern and the presence of blaper, blaveb, blashv and blaoxa-10 genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients in a hospital in Bandar Abbas. Materials and Methods:  This cross-sectional study was conducted on 72 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) of ceftazidime was performed by E-Test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to identify blashv, blaveb-1, blaoxa-10, and blaper-1 genes. Results:  Most of the isolates were detected from intensive care unit and urine samples. The highest resistance rate which was observed to sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime, were 68 (94.44%) and 44 (61.11%), respectively.  27.8% of these isolates were multidrug resistance. Among 44 ceftazidime resistance isolates, 15 isolates (34%) showed MIC ≥32 µg.ml in the E- test. The prevalence rates of genes were 4.16, 12.5, 8.33, and 1.38% for blaOxa-10, blaShv, blaVeb-1, and blaPer-1 genes, respectively. Conclusion:  The ceftazidime resistance rate and the prevalence rate of resistance genes in the present study were lower than other Iranian studies.  However, isolation of these genes is alarming that excessive use of antibiotics can lead to over expression of resistance genes and bacterial efflux pumps and the emergence of MDR phenotypes.}, Keywords = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Beta-Lactamase,Genes,Multidrug resistance}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9838-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9838-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Shams, Saeed and Ghorbanalizadgan, Mehdi and HajMahmmodi, Somayeh and Piccirillo, Alessandr}, title = {Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli}, abstract ={Background: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are identified as the major causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Because of the fastidious nature of Campylobacters, many clinical laboratories fail to routinely culture them. The detection of Campylobacter spp. using molecular-based techniques can be useful for diagnostic and epidemiological applications. This study aimed to developa multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of C. jejuni and C. coli strains from clinical specimens Materials and Methods: During a 19-month period, stool samples were collected from 980 children admitted to a hospital in Tehran, Iran and then examined. The samples were cultured on both Brucella agar and Modified Charcoal-Cefoperazone-Deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) media at 42°C for 48 h. To confirm suspected bacteria, Gram staining and other biochemical tests were carried out. Finally, after extracting DNA from pure cultures using the boiling method, the multiplex PCR assay was performed. Results: The multiplex PCR assay showed that Campylobacter spp. can be detected using 400 bp target product of cadF. It can also accurately distinguish between C. jejuni and C. coli species with different bands of 735 bp and 500 bp using hipO and asp genes, respectively Conclusions: Results showed that the multiplex PCR assay can replace the biochemical assays for differentiating between C. jejuni and C. coli strains in a single-step PCR test.}, Keywords = {Campylobacter jejuni,Campylobacter coli,Multiplex PCR}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {6-8}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9197-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9197-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Yadegarynia, Davood and Karimi, Jalal and RahmatiRoodsari, Sara and Arab-Mazar, Zahr}, title = {Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae by E-Test Method in Khatam_ol_Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran, during 2015}, abstract ={Background: Gram-negative organisms producing Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are presented as a global problem. Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered as one of the most important microorganism of this group. The prevalence rate of K. pneumoniae species is increasing, and this increase is higher in the ESBL group, indicating the increase in antibiotic resistance. We must have sufficient knowledge about regional antibiotics resistance in order to monitor the prevalence rate and antimicrobial resistance among the isolates by appropriate treatment. In this regard, the objective of our study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility among K. pneumoniae isolates by E-test method in Khatam ol Anbia hospital during 2015. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out during 2015.  All clinical samples were collected from intensive care unit (ICU) and general wards of Khatam ol Anbia hospital. All of the K. pneumoniae strains were detected by biochemical and microscopic tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by disk diffusion and E-test methods. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data. Results: About 62 K.  pneumoniae strains were isolated from clinical samples of ICU and general wards during one year. Of these, 38 (61.3%) isolates were isolated from intensive care unit, and 24 (38.7%) isolates were isolated from the general wards. In this review, the least resistance was related to colistin (4.8%) and Amikacin (14.5%), respectively, and the most resistance was observed to the antibiotics of ciprofloxacin (66.1%), ceftriaxone (62.9%) and gentamicin (59.7%), respectively. Resistance to imipenem was observed in 38.7% of the isolates. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that antibiotic resistance pattern is changing, and resistance to imipenem and colistin is rising, so this should be considered as a serious risk for admitted patients in hospital.  }, Keywords = {Klebsiella pneumoniae,Antimicrobial resistance,E-test}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-11}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4693-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4693-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Kalantar, Maryam and SoltanDallal, Mohammad-Mehdi and Fallah, Fatemeh and Yektaie, Fatemeh}, title = {Monitoring the Virulence Genes in Campylobacter coli Strains Isolated from Chicken Meat in Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Campylobacter species are the main food-borne pathogens which could cause gastroenteritis in humans. Contaminated chicken products have been documented as the primary sources of Campylobacter transmission to human. This study was done to test raw chicken meat products retailed in local markets in Tehran, Iran for the presence of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni species. Materials and methods: A total of 70 raw chicken meat samples were collected during a three-month study. All the Campylobacter species were identified by biochemical and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These isolates were investigated further to examine their potential virulence factors. Results: Campylobacter spp. were detected in 56% of the isolates and identified as C. coli. The results indicated that all of the isolates were positive for cadF, cdtA, iam genes. On the other hand, none of the isolates were positive for flaA and pladA virulence genes. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that Campylobacter species were common contaminants in chicken meat, which should be screened for the presence of virulence determinants and for their involvement in food-borne diseases.  }, Keywords = {Campylobacter coli,Campylobacter jejuni,PCR,Virulance gene}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-15}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10419-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10419-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ayatollahi, Jamshid and DehghanpourFarashah, Abolfazl and Vakili, Mahmood and Shahcheraghi, Seyed Hossei}, title = {Frequency of Seropositive People for brucellosis In Yazd}, abstract ={Background: Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in Iran, which is shared between humans and animals. Brucellosis is caused by Brucella  species and transmitted via unpasteurized milk or dairy products, which has been reported at least in 80 countries.The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence rate of seropositive cases of brucellosis in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study, seropositivity rate of brucellosis was examined for 12258 patients. The Wright test (1.80 or higher) was used for diagnosing brucellosis. The obtained results were statistically evaluated by chi-square which is a trend analysis method. Results: The seropositivity rate of Wright test was reported to be 178 (1.5%), which was significantly higher in the summer (43.3%) and spring (29.7%) than other seasons (P = .000). It was also significantly higher in men (53.9%) (P = .000) than in women, and in people over 40 years (41%) (P = .000) than in other age groups. Conclusion: Brucellosis seropositive studies provide very good information in order to help us in investigating the impact of brucellosis.}, Keywords = {Brucellosis,Prevalence,Infectious Diseases}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {16-18}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9691-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9691-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Hamedifard, Marzieh and Hashemi, Seyed Jamal and DaieGhazvini, Roshanak and Zareei, Mahdi and Hosseinpour, Leila and BorjianBoroujeni, Zeinab}, title = {Laboratory Mycological Study of Visceral Fungal Infection in Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Many comprehensive epidemiological studies have been done about fungal infections, which areone of the publichealth and therapeutic problemsin different communities. Since prevalence rate of fungal diseases and their etiological agents are changing over time,the aim of this study was to provide additional information about visceral fungal infections (VFIs) in order to understand the ways of their dissemination, to prevent disease transmission, to eliminate contamination sources and predisposing factors, and to provide effective ways for their treatment. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from the lesion of patients referred to medical mycology laboratory of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from 2014 to 2015. After providing direct wet mount of Potassium hydroxide (KOH) smears from these samples and samples sent from other medical centers, culturing on Sabouraud Dextrose agar with chloramphenicol (SC) and brain heart infusion agar (BHI) media was performed. After growth, species were identified. Results: From a total of 295 suspected samples, VFI was proved in 69 cases (23%). Aspergillosis was the most prevalent infection among VFIs. Candidiasis, cryptococcosis and mucormycosis were in the late orders, respectively. Two patients were also infected by Trichosporon. The predominant species in aspergillosis infections was Aspergillus flavus, and the predominant species in candidiasis infections was Candida albicans. Conclusion: According to the obtained results on the prevalence rate and incidence of VFIs between male and female patients in different age groups and also by taking into account the prevalent type of fungi and infectious site of patients’ bodies, it is possible to take appropriate action for the prevention and treatment of these kinds of diseases by using the important keys of these results to research and study etiological and underlying factors involved in these diseases.}, Keywords = {Visceral,Fungal,Infection,Invasive}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-22}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9778-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9778-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Kalantar, Enayatollah and Madani, Majid and Hatami, Amir and Dehghan, Mohammad Hossein and Ebadi, Monireh and Nazari, Morteza and Saifei, Saber and AminMarashi, Seyed Mahmou}, title = {Multiplex PCR for Detection of a Successful Pathogen; Acinetobacter baumanni as a Real Threat in Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital}, abstract ={Multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is a growing public health concern all over the world. In the current study, the isolation and antimicrobial resistance pattern and detection of blaOXA-51 and lpxC genes by multiplex PCR method was performed. All the isolates demonstrated high levels of resistance rates to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, imipenem, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and colistin. Screening of two resistance genes by multiplex PCR showed that all the isolates contained blaOXA-51 and lpxC genes. As we previously reported, nosocomial infections caused by A. baumannii isolates are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our hospital.  }, Keywords = {Acinetobacter baumannii,Nosocomial infection,multidrug-resistance,blaOXA-51 and lpxC genes}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-24}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7963-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7963-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Khademi, Farzad and Yousefi-Avarvand, Arshid and Derakhshan, Mohammad and Vaez, Hamid and Sadeghi, Rami}, title = {Middle East Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, abstract ={Background: The global control of the drug resistance tuberculosis has remained as major challenge. The present study was the first review study in the Middle East region in order to determine levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the first-line anti-TB drugs among both new and previously treated cases. Materials and Methods: The computer-assisted search was performed by using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus databases and related keywords. Within the time span of 1981-2014, a total of 480 articles were collected on the antibiotic resistance rates of M. tuberculosis in different countries of the Middle East region. About 63 relevant articles were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: By using meta-analyses, we determined mono drug resistance, any drug resistance, and multidrug resistance (MDR-TB) rates in both new and previously treated TB patients living in different parts of the Middle East. Other aspects related to patients, antimicrobial resistance, and methods used to assess the resistance rate were also analyzed. Conclusion: The present study revealed that in comparison with the global average rate, the prevalence rate of drug resistant TB, especially MDR-TB, may be increasing in the Middle East. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of drug-resistant isolates, detecting primary resistance to anti-TB drugs with the use of new rapid diagnostic methods is necessary.}, Keywords = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Antibiotic resistance,Middle East}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-35}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10173-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10173-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Haghi, Fakhri and Keramati, Nahid and Hemmati, Fatemeh and Zeighami, Habib}, title = {Distribution of Integrons and Gene Cassettes among Metallo-β-Lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates}, abstract ={Background: Integrons are considered as to play a significant role in the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (collected from Zanjan hospitals between March 2015 and February 2016) were investigated for molecular characterization of MBLs and Class I and II integrons. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed based on the CLSI guidelines. The frequency of MBL producing isolates and the susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents were investigated. Results: Based on the obtained results, BlaIMP was the most frequently detected metallo-β-lactamase. The frequency of blaVIM, blaSPM, and blaSIM, in MBL producing isolates was 17.1, 57.1, and 14.1%, respectively. No blaGIM harboring isolate was detected in our study. We detected two (5.7%) multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa strains isolated from the urine and sputum samples, which harbored blaNDM-1. These isolates also contained blaIMP and blaSPM. Class I integron was detected in 94.3% of the MBL positive isolates while 8.5% of the isolates contained Class II integrons. Of five different gene cassettes identified in Class I and II integrons, cassette encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfr) was found to be predominant. Conclusion: These results indicate that Class I integrons are widespread among the MBL producing P. aeruginosa isolates. Therefore, appropriate surveillance and control measures are essential to prevent the further spread of MBL and integron producing P. aeruginosa in hospitals.­­}, Keywords = {Antibiotic resistance,Integron,Metallo-β-Lactamase,Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {36-40}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-8568-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-8568-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Fazeli, Hossein and NasrEsfahani, Bahram and Sattarzadeh, Mahboubeh and MohammadiBarzelighi, Hajar}, title = {Antibiotyping and Genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Mottahari Hospital in Tehran, Iran by ERIC-PCR}, abstract ={Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become the most common cause of infections in burn patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotyping and genotyping of P.  aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Mottahari hospital during June-October 2016.  Materials and Methods: A total of 78 P.  aeruginosa strains were collected from wound infected patients. Identification of the isolates was performed by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific 16srDNA PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The isolates were then evaluated for genotyping by ERIC-PCR. Results: From a total of 78 collected isolates, 77 isolates (98.7%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by specific PCR. We found 4 antibiotypes. The highest resistance was observed to imipenem and gentamicin (~100%), and the most sensitivity was shown to colistin (100%). Overall, MDR phenotype was observed in most of the isolates (98.7%). The PCR of ERIC box produced 52 different patterns and 3 main clusters. Also, 59 (83%), 2 (3%), and 9 (13%) isolates were included in Cluster A, B, and C, respectively, and Cluster A was the predominant ERIC profile. Conclusion: The high resistance to antibiotics in our study may be due to their abundant use as the prophylactic or treatment regimen in wound infections. So appropriate use of antibiotics seems necessary, and colistin is a proper choice for treatment of burn infection. In genotyping, 3 main clusters and 52 different patterns were shown. A majority of the P.  aeruginosa strains isolated  from  burn   patients were related and belonged to Cluster A.}, Keywords = {P. aeruginosa,burns,Genotyping technique}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {41-45}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7600-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7600-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Izadi, Nafiseh and NaderiNasab, Mahboubeh and HarifiMood, Elnaz and MomenHeravi, Mastoureh Momen Heravi and Meshkat, Zahr}, title = {Association between ESBL Production and the Presence of magA Gene among the Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae}, abstract ={Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) causes a wide range of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. In recent decades, K. pneumoniae has been known as the agent of community-acquired primary pyogenic liver abscess. In attempts to find the causes of this disease, researchers found a new virulence gene called magA (mucoviscosity-associated gene A). The present study was performed to determine the prevalence rate of magA gene among the extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-positive and ESBL-negative K. pneumoniae strains. Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 K. pneumoniae isolates collected from patients in Imam Reza hospital and its associated clinics in Mashhad city (Iran) from May 2011 to July 2012. The presence of K. pneumoniae species was confirmed by conventional microbio­logical methods.  Samples were tested for the production of ESBLs by the double disk diffusion (DDS) test. PCR was performed to detect magA gene. The hypermucoviscosity (HV) phenotype of Klebsiella isolates was char­acterized by the string test. Results: magA gene was detected in 11(8.5%) out of 130 isolates of K. pneu­moniae. Of 11 isolates with positive result for magA gene, three cases were HV+, and 8 cases were HV- phe­notype. Of 130 K. pneu­moniae isolates, 56 isolates were ESBL-positive, and 74 isolates were ESBL-negative. The magA gene was detected in 4 out of 56 (7.14%) ESBL-positive, and 7 out of 74 (9.46%) ESBL-negative samples. Conclusion: In the present study, no correlation was observed between the presence of magA gene and the production of ESBL in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical samples in Mashhad. }, Keywords = {Klebsiella pneumoniae,Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) gene,magA gene}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {46-50}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-11111-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-11111-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {MohammadiBarzelighi, Hajar and RahnamyeFarzami, Marjan and ZeighamiAlamdari, Shabnam and Rahbar, Mohamm}, title = {Investigating the Accessory Colonization Factor (ACF) Cluster in Clinical Strains of Vibrio cholerae Isolated during 2011-2012 in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Accessory colonization factor is located immediately adjacent to and downstream of TCP cluster. These genes (acfA, B, C, D) are involved in bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the ACF cluster prevalence rate and gene content in clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. Materials and Methods: All of the 21 V. cholerae isolates used in this study were collected during 2011-2012 outbreaks in Iran. All of the isolates were screened by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific PCR for 16srRNA-23srRNA intergenic space. The gene content of ACF cluster in the isolates was analyzed using 4 primer pairs with overlapping sequences and then subjected into Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Results: Among the 21 V. cholerae isolates, all of them (100%) were identified as V. cholerae O1 Inaba, 20 (95%) isolates were determined with El Tor biotype specificity, and 1 isolate (5%) appeared as Classical biotype. A total of 18 strains (85.8 %) contained a complete set of ACF-associated genes, 3 strains (14.2 %) were negative for ACF cluster, and all of the strains showed similar RFLP pattern to each other and to V. cholerae ATCC 14035. Conclusion: The results showed that O1 Inaba was the dominant serotype and positive for ACF cluster in pathogenic V. cholerae isolates collected during 2011-2012 in Iran. The presence of some ACF negative strains with potentially pathogenic characteristics proposed that other colonization factors might have been involved in causing pathogenicity and diarrhea in these strains. }, Keywords = {Accessory colonization factor,Vibrio cholerae,Restriction fragment length polymorphism}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {51-55}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-5312-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-5312-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {JamshidiMakiani, Mahin and Hossiny-Rad, Maryam and Khanaliha, Khadijeh and Tavkoli, Sholeh and Sohrabi, Samira and Ahmadnia, Haleh and Taghizadeh, Sus}, title = {Prevalence of HIV Infection among Individuals Referred to Consult Center of Behavior Diseases, West Health Center in Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Rapid test and conventional ELISA are common immunological assays used for the detection of HIV infection. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence rate of   HIV infection by rapid test used for screening HIV infection and then confirmed the positive cases with ELISA and western blot tests. Materials and Methods: In this analytical descriptive study, 1964 out of 6923 patients who were referred to the Consult Center of Behavior Diseases, West Health Center (Valfajr Clinic), Iran University of Medical Sciences were subjected to rapid test for screening HIV infection from July 2012 to September 2014. Results: Thirty seven out of 1964(1.88%) cases were confirmed as positive by rapid HIV test. All of the positive cases confirmed by rapid test were also confirmed as positive by ELISA and western blot tests. According to the data analysis of this study, among people diagnosed as HIV positive using rapid test, 12(32.4%) cases had unsafe heterosexual contact, followed by 10 (27%) cases of IDUs with a history of prison, shared injection, and unsafe heterosexual contact. Conclusion:  The use of rapid test as a screening test for diagnosing HIV infection and the confirmation of all the positive and suspected negative cases by the ELISA test or western blot is recommended. }, Keywords = {Prevalence,HIV,Rapid test,IR Iran}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {56-59}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10107-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10107-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Hamedifard, Marzieh and Hashemi, Seyed Jamal and DaieGhazvini, Roshanak and Zareei, Mahdi and Hosseinpour, Leila and BorjianBoroujeni, Zeinab}, title = {Mycological Study of Superficial-cutaneous Mycoses in Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Many studies have been conducted on fungal infections which are known as public health and therapeutic problems. Since the prevalence rate of the fungal diseases and their etiological factors are changing over time, the purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence rate of superficial-cutaneous fungal infections (SCFIs) in order to understand the ways of their dissemination, to prevent diseases transmission, to eliminate contamination sources and predisposing factors, and to take appropriate action for their treatment. Materials and Methods: After referral to medical mycology laboratory of Tehran University of Medical Science from 2014 to 2015, the patients were subjected to mycological examinations, and sampling of patients’ lesions was performed. Directsmears were prepared with Potassium hydroxide. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium, and species were identified. Results: From a total of 916 suspected patients, 334 cases (36.5%) had SCFIs. Dermatophytosis was the most prevalent SCFI (55.7%), followed by cutaneous candidiasis (19%), tinea versicolor (14.3%), and non-dermatophytic molds (11%).Tineapedis was the frequent site of involvement. Trichophytonmentagrophytes was the predominant species of dermatophytosis. Conclusion: According to the obtained results on the prevalence rate of SCFIs between male and female patients in different age groups and also by taking into account the type of the prevalent fungi and the involvement site of the fungal infection, it is possible to take appropriate action for prevention and treatment of these kind of diseases by using important keys of the results to research etiological and underlying factors involved in these diseases.}, Keywords = {Superficial,Cutaneous,Fungal,Infection,Mycoses}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {60-65}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4383-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4383-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Zareei, Mahdi}, title = {Groin (Inguinal) Tinea Versicolor Caused by Malassezia furfur in Iran: Case Report}, abstract ={Tinea versicolor (TV) is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin, characterized by scaling and mild disturbance of the skinpigmentation. It typically affects the chest, upper back, and shoulders. However, the involvement of more unusual regions of the body such as the face and scalp, arms and legs, genitalia, groin and palms and soles has been reported. This report is a case of groin TV caused by Malassezia furfur affecting a 25-year-old man in Iran. After sampling, direct smears with 15% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and staining with methylene blue were prepared. In direct microscopic examination, budding yeast cells with typical scar and short curved mycelium were observed. To identifying the strains of M. furfur, differential tests and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar and mDixon agar media were performed. The clinician must be aware of these variations in the location of TV and perform an appropriate diagnostic workup when lesions have the mor­phological characteristics of TV despite an unusual location.}, Keywords = {Groin,Tinea,Versicolor,Malassezia furfur}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {66-67}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7397-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7397-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Dadashi, Masoud and Vaezjalali, Maryam and Fallah, Fatemeh and Goudarzi, Hossein and Nasiri, Mohammad Javad and Owlia, Parviz and Hashemi, Ali and Darban-Sarokhalil, Davoo}, title = {Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection among Iranian Women Identified with Cervical Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of National Data}, abstract ={Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in humans. HPV is associated with gynecologic malignancy and cervical cancer among women worldwide. In the current study we sought to determine the prevalence rate of HPV in Iranian women identified with cervical infections. Materials and Methods:  Prevalence rate of HPV in Iran was investigated from 2000-2016 using several databases including Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database. Statistical analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V2.2, Biostat) software. Random effects models were used by taking into account the possibility of the heterogeneity between the studies, which was tested through the Cochran’s Q-statistic. Results: The meta-analyses showed that the prevalence rate of HPV infections was 38.6 % (95% CI, 27.9-50.5) among Iranian women with cervical infections. The further stratified analyses indicated that the prevalence rate of HPV was higher in the studies conducted during the 2000-2008 years. Conclusion: The results of the present study underscore the need for further enforcement of STD control strategies in Iran. Establishing advanced diagnostic facilities for HPV, vaccination of high risk groups, and continuous monitoring of HPV are recommended for HPV prevention and control.}, Keywords = {Human papillomavirus,HPV,Cervical infection,Iran,Meta-analysis}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {68-72}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4951-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4951-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {RAAF, Naïma and Amhis, Wahiba and Baiod-Chorfi, Safa and Benhassine, Fadhila and Ouar-Korichi, Mounir}, title = {Helicobacter pylori in children: Molecular characterization, antibiotic resistance and MLST typing of isolated strains in an Algerian hospital}, abstract ={Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is generally acquired in childhood. Algeria is a country with a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. The aim of this work was to take stock of H. pylori infection in Algerian children. Materials and Methods: About 31antral biopsies were cultured, and then antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. The statuses of cagPAI and vacA s, m, I, and d regions were determined as well as geographical typing was done by MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) method. Results: Culture was H. pylori positive in 12 children. Only one resistance to clarithromycin and one to metronidazole were detected. Four out of six strains possessed cagPAI, and five out of six strains were identified as vacA s2m2i2d2. The five strains tested by MLST were of the hpEurope type. Conclusion: This study revealed high prevalence of H. pylori infection and low resistance to antibiotics and reported for the first time in Algeria a genetic typing of H. pylori strains isolated from Pediatrics.}, Keywords = {Culture,Gastric biopsies,Antibiotics resistance,cagPAI,vacA}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-77}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10426-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10426-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Shoaei, Simindokht and Sali, Shahnaz and Yousefi, Hoom}, title = {Incidence and Resistance Patterns of Nosocomial Infections in Labbafi Nejad Hospital Admitted Patients During 2012-2014}, abstract ={Background: Nosocomial infections have high mortality rates because of infective organisms' specific characteristics and the type of patients identified with different comorbid diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate  of different microorganisms and their characteristics in terms of resistance to various antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Samples of urine, blood, abscess and wound secretion, and septum or tracheal secretions were cultured for 139 patients who were hospitalized during September 2012 to September 2014 and identified with nosocomial infection in different hospital wards. Then the type of microorganism and their antibiotic resistance were determined for each patient using culture antibiogram with disk diffusion method. Results were then analyzed using SPSS software. Results:  The incidence of nosocomial infections was observed more in men than in women. Fever and purulent discharge from the wound site were the most common symptoms, leading to patient's hospitalization. Most patients were from the transplant and urology wards. Urinary tract, skin, and soft tissue infections (SSTI) had the highest prevalence rate in patients. Escherichia coli was the most common infectious microorganism in patients, which was sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. Kelebsiella as the next most common infectious microorganism was resistant to imipenem. Conclusion:  The results of this study are consistent with the previous studies. Due to infectious microorganisms' resistance to antibiotics, it is recommended to reduce the consumption of antibiotics. }, Keywords = {Nosocomial infection,Antimicrobial resistance,Prevalence,Infection control}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {78-81}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7167-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7167-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {SoleymanzadehMoghadam, Somayeh and FathiZadeh, Sara and Majidpour, Ali and Mohammad, Nazanin and FagheeiAghmiyuni, Zeinab and Khodaii, Zohreh and KamalZare, Mehdi and Goudarzvand, Mahdi}, title = {Does Probiotic Therapy Have Effect on Serum Calcium and Cholesterol Levels in Demyelinated Hippocampus?}, abstract ={Background: Recently, the use of probiotics in preventing and treating the immune system diseases through changes in blood factors has attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 on changes of blood factors, influencing the autoimmune system diseases. Materials and Methods: The rats used in this study were divided into four groups (n=10 each), including control (saline), damage with Ethidium bromide (EB), L. plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 treatment groups. In damage and treatment groups, a single dose of 3μL EB was directly injected into hippocampus of rats for inducing demyelization. Also, in control group, the same amount of saline was used. Then 2×108 probiotic bacteria were administered by gavage for 28 days. Then serum calcium and cholesterol levels were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (p≤ .05). Results: The results showed that level of blood serum calcium increased insignificantly in the L. plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 treatment groups compared to control group.  Also, the level of blood serum cholesterol decreased insignificantly in both treatment groups compared to control group. Conclusion: Probiotics are used for preventing and treating some of the common autoimmune diseases such as MS. Previous studies showed that probiotics affects some of the blood parameters such as calcium and cholesterol while decrease or increase in these parameters is effective in the improvement of MS.  Although no significant finding has been obtained in some of these studies, they have almost confirmed the recommendation of probiotic consumption.}, Keywords = {Probiotic,Demyelination,Ethidium bromide,Lactobacillus plantarum,Bifidobacterium B94}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {82-85}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-3430-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-3430-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ghods, Nayereh and Falahati, Mehraban and Roudbary, Maryam and Mardani, Sara and Seif, Farh}, title = {Presence of HSP90 Gene in Amphotericin B Resistant Aspergillus Species Isolated from Iranian Immunocompromised Patients}, abstract ={Background: Aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus spp in immunocompromised patients. The role of HSP90 in Aspergillus drug resistance is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of HSP90 gene and polyene resistance in Aspergillus spp using PCR. Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Aspergillus strains were used, which were isolated from patients susceptible to aspergillosis through Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and identified by conventional methods. The isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Susceptibility testing against amphotericin B was conducted according CLSI standards (M38-A). Also, the presence of HSP90 gene was evaluated using PCR. Results: Of 32 Aspergillus strains used in this study, 16 (50%) isolates were identified as A. Flavus, 12 (37.5%) isolates as A. fumigatus, and 4 (12.5%) isolates as A. terreus. Among these species, 19 (59.37%) isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B whereas 13 (40.62%) were resistant. Moreover, there was a significant difference  between the presence of HSP90 gene and resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus species. Conclusions: The presence of HSP90 gene provides evidence that shows this gene may play important role in resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus isolates. Although numerous regulatory genes are involved in resistance mechanisms, they remaines to be more clarified}, Keywords = {Aspergillus spp,Amphotericin B,HSP90 gene,PCR}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {86-89}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-3836-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-3836-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Hosseinpour, Leila and Zareei, Mahdi and BorjianBoroujeni, Zeinab and Yaghoubi, Razieh and Hashemi, Seyed Jamal}, title = {Effect of Different Incubation Temperatures,Times, and Colored Lights on Fungal Biomass and Black Pigment (Melanin) Production in Exophiala crusticola}, abstract ={Background: Adverse effects of synthetic pigments used in pharmaceutical andfoodindustriesand etc,have created a tendency toward the application of natural pigments. Environmental conditions are important factors in the growth and physiological function of different organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth rate of fungal biomass and production rate of black pigment (melanin) in fungus Exophialacrusticola under different incubation time, temperature, and light conditions to obtain an optimal condition for their production. Materials and Methods: After obtaining an optimal incubation temperature, cultured fungus in potato dextrose agar and broth media was exposed to blue, yellow, white, red, green, and darknesslight conditions with 14-35 daysof incubation times. The averageamount of produceddry weight of fungal biomass and pigmentweremeasured, and the results were statistically analyzed with SPSS software ver.22. Results:Suitable incubation temperature for fungal growthwas 22°C.The maximum average amount of fungal biomass (0.17 g)and pigment production (OD = 0.94) were after 35 days of incubation (p< .05) and under yellow light (0.135 g) (OD= 0.98), respectively (p< .05). Conclusion: By optimization the incubation time, temperature, and light for the growth and production of pigmentinfungusE.crusticola, it is possible to produce a large amount of fungus and its related pigmentin order to be utilized in a variety of industrialand pharmaceutical use, and etc. Also, due to the fungus rapid growth in response to the yellow light, it is possible to use this feature in isolation and early diagnosis of this fungusin suspected pathogenesiscases.}, Keywords = {Fungal,Biomass,Light,Pigment,Exophiala}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {90-95}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-2105-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-2105-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Hosseinpour, Leila and Zareei, Mahdi and BorjianBoroujeni, Zeinab and Yaghoubi, Razieh and Hashemi, Seyed Jamal}, title = {Survival of Dermatophytes in Skin Scales after 10 Years Storage}, abstract ={Background:Survival of dermatophytesinskin scales and nail scraps sampled from human lesions could have ecological and epidemiologicalimportance.The aim of this study was to store humanskin scale and nail lesions infected with dermatophyteagents,at -20°C for a long timeand to investigate the re-isolation rate of dermatophytes species from such samples after storage. Materials and Methods:After referral to Medical Mycology Laboratory of Tehran University of Medical Science, the patients were subjected to sampling. Confirmation of dermatophytepositive result in direct smears was done with Potassium hydroxide, then culturing on Sabouraud dextrose agar media was performed, and species were identifiedusing standard procedures, and remaining samples were stored at -20°C. After 10 years, samples were re-examined for the presence and re-isolation of intended fungi according to the standard procedures. Results:From a total of 5 species enrolled in this study, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, andTricholosporumviolaceum survived, andTrichophyton rubrum andTrichophytonverrucosumlost their viability at -20°C after 10 years. There was a significant difference between the re-isolation rate and the type of dermatophytes (p<.05). E. floccosum had the highest re-isolation rate (66.7%), followed by T. mentagrophytes (27%). All of the re-isolated dermatophytes were taken from scales samples, but none from nailscraps samples. Conclusion: Some dermatophytes species including E. floccosum are able to maintain their ability to survive for a long time in human scale samples in certain time and temperature conditions (10 years at -20 °C) and to grow in appropriate conditions. These findings should be considered in ecological and epidemiological studies.}, Keywords = {Dermatophyte,Survival,Storage,Scale}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {96-99}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9036-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-9036-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Dalimi, Abdolhossein and Tahvildar, Farid and Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh}, title = {Molecular Study on Cryptosporidium andersoni Strains Isolated from Sheep Based on ‎18S rRNA Gene}, abstract ={Background: Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases infecting a broad variety of animals and humans. In the present study, Nested PCR-RFLP-based assay was applied for genotyping of‏ ‏‏sheep cryptosporidiosis. The target of amplification was the 18S rRNA gene ‎‎used to identify Cryptosporidium species ‎Materials and Methods: In the first step, 1300 faecal samples were collected from sheep in Tehran province, then the samples were examined for the presence of ‎Cryptosporidium using modified acid fast staining. In the second step, DNA was extracted from the ‎positive samples. Next, 18S rRNA gene was amplified by ‎Nested-PCR in order to differentiate between the species. The PCR product was digested by Ssp1 restriction enzyme. ‎ Results: Twenty two positive ‎sheep samples were detected by modified acid fast method. The results were confirmed by molecular techniques. The 845 bp fragment of 18S rRNA was digested ‎by restriction enzymes. Twenty samples showed ‎a similar band on 2.5% agarose gel whereas 2 samples demonstrated different pattern. The sequences of two patterns indicated two species of C. andersoni and C. parvum. Conclusion:  In spite of other studies results introducing C. parvum as the major agent of ‎cryptosporidiosis in sheep, in our study, C. andersoni was found to be dominant. }, Keywords = {Cryptosporidium,18S rRNA,Polymerase Chain Reaction,sheep,Iran}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {100-103}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-12226-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-12226-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Yadegarynia, Davood and Shokouhi, Shervin and Tehrani, Shabnam and YAzdani, Anit}, title = {Neurological Complication of Infective endocarditis misdiagnosing with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report}, abstract ={Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but serious disease with different clinical pictures. Its neurological complication is commonly mistaken in term of diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, such cases must be taken under further diagnostic imaging for searching the basic structural lesions. Known causes of these signs include cardio embolism with hemorrhagic transformation, septic embolism, or mycotic aneurysms. In this paper, our case was a patient admitted for the evaluation of local neurological complaint reason and subsequent therapy. He was found to have bacterial endocarditis after medical workup. It was diagnosed prospectively from positive tests of vegetation on Transesophageal echocardiogram and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results.}, Keywords = {Infective endocarditis,septic cerebral emboli,neurological complication}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {104-106}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7588-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7588-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Nojoomi, Farshad and Ghasemian, Abdolmaji}, title = {Resistance and Virulence Factor Determinants of Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia Coli Clinical Isolates in Three Hospitals in Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains are among predominant agents causing nosocomial and community acquired infections. The majority of strains encode numerous virulence factors including fimbrial adhesions, secretory proteins and toxins, siderophores, and capsule. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of virulence encoding genes and carbapenem resistance-encoding genes among imipenem-resistant E. coli isolates collected from patients hospitalized in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study (April 2015-December 2017), 50 non-duplicated carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates were collected from clinical specimens (stool, urine, blood, and wound) of hospitalized patients in three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined against 15 antibiotics on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) as per CLSI guidelines version 2016. The PCR was used to detect virulence and antibiotic resistance encoding genes. Results: From a total of 50 carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates, the highest resistance rate was observed to ceftazidime (100%), tetracycline (88%), amoxicillin (100%), sulfonamide (60%), and the least resistance rate was observed against amikacin (14%), gentamicin (22%), and fosfomycin (0%). The genes mediating resistance were as follows: beta-lactams OXA-48 (8%), IMP (16%), VIM (0%), NDM-1 (0%),  fosA3 (0%), quinolones (qnrA 48%), and colistin mcr-1(0%). Furthermore, the prevalence rates of of fimA, hlyA, cnf1, vat, pic, crl, and papH were 88, 36, 28, 10, 12, 54, and 88%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, all imipenem-resistant E. coli isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin, and all were  fosA3 negative. Among carbapenemase genes, IMP and OXA-48 type enzymes associated with higher MIC levels (8 to 32 µg.mL-1) were detected. In this study, data suggest the role of these carbapenemases in resistance to carbapenems. Furthermore, the presence of multiple drug resistant strains encoding adhesive and secretory virulence factors is a concern for the infections treatment. }, Keywords = {Escherichia coli,Virulence,Carbapenemases}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {107-111}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7205-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7205-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {ParsaieMehr, Vahideh and Shokoohizadeh, Leili and Mirzaee, Mohsen and Savari, Mohamm}, title = {Molecular Typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)–PCR}, abstract ={Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium and a part of the natural microflora of gastrointestinal tract in human body. K. pneumoniae has been known as one of the most common cause of nosocomial infections and multi-drug resistance pathogen. The aims of this study was to examine the detection of antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness among K. pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitals in Borujerd in western Iran using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)–PCR technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from Borujerd hospitals from April to September 2015. After detection and confirmation of K. pneumoniae isolates by conventional laboratory methods and differential tests, antibiotic susceptibility was detected by disk diffusion method. Also, genetic relatedness of 34 selected MDR K. pneumoniae isolates were investigated by ERIC - PCR technique. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that among K. pneumoniae isolates, the highest antibiotic resistance was observed in ampicillin (91%) and the highest susceptibility was detected in imipenem (5.5%). More than 45% of isolates showed multi resistant phenotypes. Based on ERIC-PCR results, 31 different ERIC types were detected. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the increase of multi resistance K. pneumoniae in hospitals under study. The results of ERIC PCR showed high genetic diversity among K. pneumoniae strains, which indicated the poly clonal distribution of K. pneumoniae isolates in Borujerd hospitals.}, Keywords = {Klebsiella pneumoniae,Antibiotic resistance,ERIC – PCR}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {112-116}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-1893-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-1893-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Madanipour, Elaheh and Mehrabi, Mohammad Reza and Mirzaee, Mohse}, title = {The Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Prevalence of vanA, vanB, and vanC Genes among Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Consumed Meat}, abstract ={Background: Enterococci play an important role in the spread of drug resistant genes and thus resistant strains. The dissemination of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) strains is one of the crucial issues in hospitals worldwide, especially among those hospitalized patients. This study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalence rates of vanA, vanB, and vanC genes among Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from meat. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 181 isolates of E. faecalis isolated from consumed meat samples in Borujerd city. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI criteria. The prevalence rate of vanA and vanB genes in vancomycin resistant E. faecalis strains was identify by PCR technique. Results: Of 181 Enterococci isolates, 100 strains (55.25%) were E. faesium, and 81 strains (44.75%) were E. faecalis. About 13 antibiotics were used in this study. The highest resistance was observed against erythromycin, linezolid, vancomycin, and penicillin antibiotics, and the lowest resistance was observed against meropenem; none of the isolates were resistant to nitrofurantoin and cefotaxime. A total of 68 isolates (83.95%) were resistant to vancomycin. Among the isolates, 38 isolates (46.9%) contained vanA gene, 21 isolates (25.9%) carried vanB gene, and 18 (22.2%) isolates contained vanA and vanB genes, but van C type was not detected in none of the isolates. Conclusion: The presence of van gene in the majority of isolates is an indicator of resistant genes large reservoir in the strains rotation in the community. Furthermore, in order to limit the incidence of VRE, the use of antibiotics for human or animal should be taken with caution.}, Keywords = {Enterococcus faecalis,Antibiotic resistance,Vancomycin,van A / B / C}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {117-121}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-6206-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-6206-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Derakhshan, Safoura and Navidinia, Masoumeh and Ahmadi, Amj}, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Dill (Anethum graveolens) Essential Oil and Antibiofilm Activity of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Alcoholic Extract}, abstract ={Background: Emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has highlighted the need to identify new and more efficient antibacterial agents. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of dill (Anethum graveolens) seeds essential oil and to investigate the effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds alcoholic extract on biofilm formation ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and methods: This experimental study was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Activity of dill seeds essential oil was evaluated based on the inhibition zone diameter and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against some important pathogenic bacteria including: Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cumin seeds alcoholic extract was evaluated on biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae. The biofilms were formed on semi-glass lamellas and observed by a scanning electron microscope. Results: Dill essential oil showed a good to moderate activity against the tested strains. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against S. aureus (inhibition zone of 15 mm and MIC of 0.62 mg.mL-1) and V. cholerae (inhibition zone of 14 mm and MIC of 0.7 mg..mL-1). The cumin alcoholic extract had no effect on biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the presence of antimicrobial compounds in dill extract. The cumin alcoholic extract was not able to inhibit biofilm formation ability of K. pneumoniae. Because of the medicinal plants properties, it is valuable to search for promising herbs and novel chemical compounds.}, Keywords = {Antibacterial activity,Medicinal plants,Dill,Cumin,Biofilm}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {122-126}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-6617-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-6617-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {KhaliliDermani, sara and Akbari, Majid and arjomandzadegan, Mohamm}, title = {Evaluation of detection methods for Arcobacter infections in diarrhea specimens among children under six years in Arak City}, abstract ={Background: In recent years, the presence of large amount of research isolating and detecting Arcobacter spp. from animals and humans with diarrhea and from food samples highlights the importance of Arcobacter spp. as emerging food-borne pathogens worldwide. Recently, independent studies have been conducted, making significant progress in the understanding of the classification and pathogenicity of this group of microorganisms. However, the incidence of Arcobacter infection is likely to be underestimated mainly due to the limitations in current detection and identification methods. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of staining method (Gram stain using 1% fuchsinein direct smear) versus PCR as the gold standard. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 stool samples were collected from under 6 years of age children with diarrhea from clinical centers of Arak. Direct smears of samples were stained with a modified gram staining method (1% fuchsin for 5 minutes with heat). Concurrently, PCR amplification method was performed for all DNA samples. Results: Arcobacter spp. was isolated by PCR from 28 out of 150 stool samples. Direct staining method identified 79 samples as Campylobacter-like organisms with a sensitivity and specificity values of 100 and 65.50%, respectively. Conclusion: Detection of Campylobacter-like organisms by 1% fuchsin is simple, inexpensive, and fast with high sensitivity and specificity. Laboratories with limited resources can employ modified gram staining method to detect Campylobacteriaceae infection in early stages.}, Keywords = {Arcobacter,Direct observation,PCR,Diarrhea}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {127-131}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-3386-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-3386-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {ZiaeiHezarjaribi, Hajar and ArabFirouzjaei, Sakine and Ebrahimifard, Seyedeh Fateme and Fakhar, Mahdi and Abdollahi, Fatemeh and Jorjani, Ogholniaz and Hamidianfar, Najla and Ghasemi, Sakineh and Bayesh, Sara and Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh}, title = {Epidemiological Study of Enterobiasis in the Preschool Children during April 2013 to Feb 2014 in Mazandaran Province, Northern IR Iran}, abstract ={Background: Enterobious vermicularis (E. vermicularis) is one the most common parasitic infection among children. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of enterobiasis among preschool children in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross–sectional study, 653 preschool children were recruited via the cluster sampling method during April 2013 to Feb 2014. A questionnaire was administrated to parents by an interviewer and determined children’s socio-demographic characteristics, personal hygiene, and healthy behaviors. The Graham technique was applied for diagnosis. Data were analyzed using logistic regression model and chi-square test. Results: In a total of 653 examined subjects, the prevalence rate of E. vermicularis was 19.4%, among which 40.9% were male, and 59.1% were female.  The highest and lowest prevalence rates of E. vermicularis were found in Neka (61.4%) and Tonekabon (1.6%) districts, respectively. A significant association was found between infection and residency, parental occupations, parental education, number of family members, changing underwear, sterilization of linen clothing, taking daily bath, boiling or ironing clothes. Conclusions: The high prevalence rate of E. vermicularis infection in this study proves the stability status of enterobiasis in this area, posing a risk for children there. Systematic control of infection in children is proposed.}, Keywords = {Enterobious vermicularis,Epidemiology,Preschool children,IR Iran}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {132-136}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7708-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-7708-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Rahimi, Mohesn and Kheiandish, Farnaz and Arab-Mazar, Zahra and Mirzapour, Aliyar}, title = {Level of Liver Enzymes in Patients with Mono-Parasitic Infections}, abstract ={Background: Parasitic infections can cause different chemical changes in human body. This study was designed to determine the liver aminotransferase changes in Iranian people infected by parasite. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 183 parasite-infected patients. After serum isolation in laboratory, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) rates of all samples were measured according to IFCC standard method, and after recording in the information form, the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The results of this study showed that patients were infected by 19 different types of parasites. Also, the results showed that the average value ​​of ALT and AST in patients were equal to 32.30 ±23.40 and 38.60±34.80, respectively. The ANOVA test showed remarkable statistical differences between these values ​​and various infections. There was positive and significant correlation between ALT and AST. Conclusion: The abnormality in liver function in patients with eosinophilia can be caused by parasitic infections in endemic areas; therefore, it can be the cause of a differential diagnosis for physicians.  Generally, non-significant changes in transaminase levels can also be attributed to the infection low intensity in patients tested.}, Keywords = {Parasitic infection,Liver enzymes,Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {137-142}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-2711-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-2711-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Aghajanpour, soudabej and Abolghasemi, sara and Dabiri, Hossein and Tehrani, Shabnam and Divsalar, Farsh}, title = {Disseminated Nocardia farcinica infection in a Patient with Pneumoconiosis}, abstract ={Background: Nocardia as a Gram-positive bacillus with a microscopic appearance of branching hyphae can produce considerable disease in an appropriable host. N. facinica is a member of genus Nocardia that is potentially life threatening; therefore, therapy of N. farcinica infection remains difficult. Case presentation: This study is a case  report of disseminated N. farcinica infection in a 64-year-old man with a history of pneumoconiosis with brain, lung, and skin involvement in Labbafi Nejad hospital, Tehran, IR Iran in November 2013 with a discussion about diagnosis and management of this particular patient. Conclusion: Due to the involvement of brain, triple therapy was started with meropenem, amikacin, and linezolid.}, Keywords = {pneumoconiosis,Nocardias spp,brain abscess}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {143-146}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10521-en.html}, eprint = {http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-10521-en.pdf}, journal = {Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology}, issn = {2588-4107}, eissn = {2588-4115}, year = {2017} }