Middle East Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors
F. Khademi 1
A. Yousefi-Avarvand 1
M. Derakhshan 1
H. Vaez 2
R. Sadeghi 3
1 Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Qaem University Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 Microbiology Laboratory, Besat Hospital, Tehran, Iran
3 Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
Background: The global control of the drug resistance tuberculosis has remained as major challenge. The present study was the first review study in the Middle East region in order to determine levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the first-line anti-TB drugs among both new and previously treated cases.
Materials and Methods: The computer-assisted search was performed by using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus databases and related keywords. Within the time span of 1981-2014, a total of 480 articles were collected on the antibiotic resistance rates of M. tuberculosis in different countries of the Middle East region. About 63 relevant articles were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: By using meta-analyses, we determined mono drug resistance, any drug resistance, and multidrug resistance (MDR-TB) rates in both new and previously treated TB patients living in different parts of the Middle East. Other aspects related to patients, antimicrobial resistance, and methods used to assess the resistance rate were also analyzed.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that in comparison with the global average rate, the prevalence rate of drug resistant TB, especially MDR-TB, may be increasing in the Middle East. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of drug-resistant isolates, detecting primary resistance to anti-TB drugs with the use of new rapid diagnostic methods is necessary.

Keywords

  1. Palomino JC, Martin A. Drug resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotics. 2014; 3(3): 317-40.

  2. Lorena Cristina S. Review: the molecular basis of resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. OJMM. 2012; 2(1): 24-36.

  3. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report, 2014. Gevena, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

  4. World Health Organization. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance, 1997. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

  5. Sotgiu G, Ferrara G, Matteelli A, Richardson M, Centis R, Ruesch-Gerdes S, et al. Epidemiology and clinical management of XDR-TB: a systematic review by TBNET. Eur Respir J. 2009; 33(4): 871-81.

  6. Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Sorooch S, Pooramiri MV, Mansoori SD, Zarifi AZ, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: 2 years of surveillance in Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43(7): 841-7.

  7. Merza MA, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Khazampour M, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance and associated risk factors in a tertiary level TB center in Iran: a retrospective analysis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011; 5(7): 511-9.

  8. Nasiri MJ, Rezaei F, Zamani S, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Fooladi AAI, Shojaei H, et al. Drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients of five provinces of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014; 7(3): 193-6.

  9. World Health Organization. Global health observatory data repository, 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

  10. Haeili M, Darban‐Sarokhalil D, Fooladi AAI, Javadpour S, Hashemi A, Siavoshi F, et al. Spoligotyping and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from five provinces of Iran. Microbiol Open. 2013; 2(6): 988-96.

  11. Namaei MH, Sadeghian A, Naderinasab M, Ziaee M. Prevalence of primary drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mashhad, Iran. Indian J Med Res. 2006; 124(1):77-80.

  12. Mohajeri P, Norozi B, Atashi S, Farahani A. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in west of Iran. J Glob Infect Dis. 2014; 6(3): 114-7.

  13. Bahrmand A, Velayati A, Bakayev V. Treatment monitoring and prevalence of drug resistance in tuberculosis patients in Tehran. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000; 4(6): 544-9.

  14. Heidarnejad H, Nagili B. Primary resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampin, and ethambutol in pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Iran Med. 2001; 4(1):1-4.

  15. Masjedi MR, Varahram M, Mirsaeidi M, Ahmadi M, Khazampour M, Tabarsi P, et al. The recent-transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among Iranian and Afghan relapse cases: a DNA-fingerprinting using RFLP and spoligotyping. BMC Infect Dis. 2008; 8(1):109.

  16. Taghavi K, Farnia P, Varahram M, Sheikhoslami FM, Ahmadi M, Kazempoor M, et al. Rapid detection of isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a single multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay. Cell J. 2011; 13(2): 97-102

  17. Farazi A, Sofian M, Zarrinfar N, Katebi F, Hoseini SD, Keshavarz R. Drug resistance pattern and associated risk factors of tuberculosis patients in the central province of Iran. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013; 4(4): 785-9.

  18. Sharifi Yazdi M, Jabbari H, Soltan Dallal M, Bahrmand A. Primary drug resistance patterns in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Yazd, southern province of Iran. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012; 11(3): 702-6.

  19. Naserpour-Farivar T, Naderi M, Mohagheghifard A. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in south eastern of Iran. J Med Sci. 2006; 6: 321-4.

  20. Metanat M, Sharifi-Mood B, Shahreki S, Dawoudi S. Prevalence of multidrug resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, southeastern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012; 14(1): 53-5.

  21. Al-Rubaish AM, Madania AA, Al-Muhanna FA. Drug resistance pulmonary tuberculosis in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2001; 22(9): 776-9.

  22. Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Muraikhy AA, Abed MS. Susceptibility pattern and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Saudi Arabian hospital: a 15-year study from 1989 to 2003. Chest. 2005; 128(5): 3229-32.

  23. Khan M, Kinsara A, Osoba A, Wali S, Samman Y, Memish Z. Increasing resistance of M. tuberculosis to anti-TB drugs in Saudi Arabia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001; 17(5): 415-8.

  24. Kordy F, Al-Thawadi S, Alrajhi A. Drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004; 8(8): 1007-11.

  25. Asaad AM, Alqahtani JM. Primary anti-tuberculous drugs resistance of pulmonary tuberculosis in southwestern Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2012; 5(4): 281-5.

  26. Varghese B, Hillemann A, Wijayanti DR, Shoukri M, Al-rabiah F, Al-Omari R, et al. New insight into the molecular characterization of isoniazid and rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Saudi Arabia. Infect Genet Evol. 2012; 12(3):549-56.

  27. Al-Awaidy ST, Al-Hamdan N. Drug-susceptibility pattern of mycobacterium tuberculosis among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 1997; 4(2): 65-9.

  28. Al-Orainey I, Saeed E, El-Kassimi F, Al-Shareef N. Resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tubercle. 1989; 70(3): 207-10.

  29. AL‐Hajjaj MS, AL‐Kassimi FA, AL‐Mobeireek AF, Alzeer AH. Progressive rise of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Respirology. 2001; 6(4): 317-22.

  30. Al-Hajoj S, Varghese B, Shoukri MM, Al-Omari R, Al-Herbwai M, AlRabiah F, et al. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance in Saudi Arabia: findings of the first national survey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013; 57(5): 2161-6.

  31. Moaddab S, Rafi A. A study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2003; 17(3):189-92.

  32. Balci I, Dikensoy O, Bayram A, Filiz A. Drug-resistant tuberculosis at the University hospital in Gaziantep, south-eastern Turkey. J Int Med Res. 2000; 28(6): 300-6.

  33. Kilicaslan Z, Albal H, Kiyan E, Aydemir N, Seber E. Drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in Istanbul. EurJ Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002; 21(10): 763-4.

  34. Karabay O, Otkum M, Akata F, Karlikaya C, Tugrul M, Dundar V. Antituberculosis drug resistance and associated risk factors in the European section of Turkey. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004; 46(3): 171-7.

  35. Bulut Y, Yenişehirli G, Otlu B, Seyfikli Z, Celikel S, Yilmaz A, et al. Primary drug resistance and molecular epidemiology of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in the Kelkit Valley. Turk J Med Sci. 2009; 39(1): 101-7.

  36. Dispensary AT, Street I. Drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in western Turkey: prevalence, clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. Ann Saudi Med. 2005; 25(4):313-8.

  37. Tahaoğlu K, Kizkin Ö, Karagöz T, Tor M, Partal M, Şadoğlu T. High initial and acquired drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in Turkey. Tuber Lung Dis. 1994; 75(5): 324-8.

  38. Kartaloglu Z, Bozkanat E, Ozturkeri H, Okutan O, Ilvan A. Primary antituberculosis drug resistance at Turkish military chest diseases hospital in Istanbul. Med Princ Pract. 2002; 11(4): 202-5.

  39. Komurcuoglu B, Senol G, Balci G, Yalnız E, Ozden E. Drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in new and previously treated cases: experience from Turkey. J Infect Public Health. 2013; 6(4): 276-82.

  40. Kisa O, Albay A, Baylan O, Balkan A, Doganci L. Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a retrospective study from a 2000-bed teaching hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003; 22(4): 456-7.

  41. Agarwal M, Gunal S, Durmaz R, Yang Z. Integration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing and genotyping with epidemiological data analysis to gain insight into the epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Malatya, Turkey. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48(9): 3301-5.

  42. Servet K, Alper A, Hikmet T, Umit T. Primary resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from new tuberculosis cases: a 6-year observation. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011; 5(16): 2304-10.

  43. Karagoz T, Pazarli P, Mocin O, Duman D, Duman G, Salturk C, et al. Evaluation of drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(6): 631-5.

  44. Erturan Z, Uzun M, Satana D, Yegenoglu Y. Drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated during an eleven year period in a faculty hospital in Istanbul, Turky. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2004; 18(3): 121-4.

  45. Abd-El Aal AM, Agha SA, Zaghloul MHE, Elshahawy HA, Abdel Azim DM, Fathy A. DNA fingerprinting and drug resistance patterns of active pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mansoura hospitals, Egypt. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2014; 63(2): 369-75.

  46. Aziz MA, Wright A, Laszlo A, De Muynck A, Portaels F, Van Deun A, et al. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance (the global project on anti-Tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance): an updated analysis. Lancet. 2006; 368(9553): 2142-54.

  47. Rahmo A, Hamze M. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Syrian patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction. EMHJ. 2010; 16(8):820-30.

  48. Gilad J, Borer A, Riesenberg K, Peled N, Schlaeffer F. Epidemiology and ethnic distribution of multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis in southern Israel, 1992–1997 the impact of immigration. Chest J. 2000; 117(3): 738-43.

  49. Ayaz A, Hasan Z, Jafri S, Inayat R, Mangi R, Channa AA, et al. Characterizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Karachi, Pakistan: drug resistance and genotypes. Int J Infect Dis. 2012; 16(4): e303-9.

  50. Butt T, Ahmad R, Kazmi S, Rafi N. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004; 75:10: 1-4.

  51. Ghafoor T, Ikram A, Abbassi SA, Mirza IA, Hussain A, ullah Khan I, et al. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: a retrospective study from a reference laboratory in Pakistan. J Virol Microbiol. 2014; 2014(2014): 1-6.

  52. Abdullah FE, Farhan N, Shaikh A. Status of first-line anti-TB drugs: an audit of 84 clinical sputum AFB isolates in Karachi. Pak J Med Sci. 2012; 28(1): 105-8.

  53. Javaid A, Ghafoor A, Rab A, Basit A, Ullah Z, Ali S, et al. Primary drug resistance to antituberculous drugs in NWFP Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008; 58(8): 437-40.

  54. Iqbal R, Shabbir I, Khan S, Mirza M, Awan SR, Hasan M. Pattern of drug resistance in Tuberculosis. Pak J Med Res. 2005; 44(4): 136-9.

  55. Irfan S, Hassan Q, Hasan R. Assessment of resistance in multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2006; 56(9): 397-400.

  56. Javaid A, Awan SR, Syed ZA, Iqbal ZH, Akram CM, Shah K, et al. Primary drug resistance to antituberculous drugs in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Chest Med. 2011; 17(1): 03-9.

  57. Javaid A, Rizvi N, Ansari M, Sadiq A, Burki IS, Rehman NU, et al. Primary drug resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs in Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008; 18(11): 699-702.

  58. Nema M, Al-Kadimy HM. Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in previously treated cases in Iraq. Iraqi J Med Sci. 2009; 7(2): 41-49.

  59. Merza MA, Farnia P, Salih AM, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. First insight into the drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Dohuk, Iraq: Using spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR to characterize multidrug resistant strains. J Infect Public Health.2011; 4(1):41-7.

  60. Al-Akhali A, Ohkado A, Fujiki A, Mitarai S, Yamada N, Masui T, et al. Nationwide survey on the prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Yemen, 2004. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2007; 11(12):1328-33.

  61. Al-Zarouni M, Dash N, Al Ali M, Al-Shehhi F, Panigrahi D. Tuberculosis and MDR-TB in the northern emirates of United Arab Emirates: a 5-year study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010; 41(1): 163-8.

  62. Alfaresi MS, Hag-Ali M. Susceptibility pattern and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in United Emirati hospital. Open Microbiol J. 2010; 4:1-4.

  63. Wright A, Zignol M, Van Deun A, Falzon D, Gerdes SR, Feldman K, et al. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance 2002–07: an updated analysis of the global project on anti-Tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance. Lancet. 2009; 373(9678): 1861-73.

  64. Hamze M, Rahmo A, Saade M. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis of Lebanese patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction. EMHJ. 2010; 16(8): 812-9.

  65. Hamze M, Araj G. Drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Lebanon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997; 1(4): 314-8.

  66. Araj G, Saade M, Itani L. Nationwide study of drug resistance among acid-fast bacilli positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Lebanon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006; 10(1): 63-7.

  67. Mokaddas E, Ahmad S, Samir I. Secular trends in susceptibility patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait, 1996–2005. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(3): 319-25.

  68. Zignol M, Gemert WV, Falzon D, Sismanidis C, Glaziou P, Floyda K, et al. Surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world: an updated analysis, 2007–2010. Bull World Health Organ. 2012; 90:111–9.

Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology
Volume 3, Issue 1 - Serial Number 6
January 2017
Pages 25-35