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Translation Studies seems to have succeeded to establish itself as an area of enquiry for scholars. Patterns of flourishing this discipline with its diverse audience is not well studied, though. The present study used scientometric and bibliometric analyses to identify and assess topics and trends of Translation Studies over time, as evidence of evolution over the course of time. Documents (from 1931 to 2021) were extracted from Scopus to examine relevant indicators; document types, top journals, authors’ networks, institutes/universities, organizational support, countries and interdisciplinary contributions. In addition, VOSviewer, network and cluster density visualization and word co-occurrences were utilized to analyze and evaluate the development of the field. Trend analysis was considered at three intervals. The analyses showed that over a 90-year time span (1931-2021), 13916 documents were published by 21509 authors from 16323 institutes/universities that contributed to the scientific mobility of Translation Studies. Authors’ cooperation from 124 countries emerged in four clusters led by the US, the UK, Spain and China. In its course of development, Translation Studies witnessed a remarkable proliferation of documents since the 2000s onward. Relevant topics were shown by keywords analysis, and interrelationships of Translation Studies with other disciplines were explored. The findings offer analyses of trends and topics in Translation Studies, as evidence of scientific evolution, attested by the interdisciplinary contributions and bibliometric findings.
 

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Background:  Aeromonas spp. can cause diarrhea and various infections in humans. Access to rapid techniques with a high sensitivity and specificity is strongly needed for the identification of Aeromonas species. The aim of this study was to evaluate two different methods including API 20E bacterial identification tests and the molecular detection using PCR primers specific for 16s-rRNA and 23S-rRNA genes sequences for identification of Aeromonas spp. in stool samples from patients with diarrhea. Materials and Methods: One hundred stool samples from diarrheal patients were collected. All isolates were subjected toAPI 20 E strip tests and PCR using specific primers for identification of Aeromonas spp. Results: The API 20E analysis identified 2 (2.2%) isolates as Aeromonas spp. Molecular identification by aero-23S-rRNA gene confirmed the same 2 isolates as identified by the API 20E strips. Conclusion: Both API 20E system and PCR method using Aero 23S-rRNA primer were found to be accurate in identification of Aeromonas spp. isolates with highconfidence.

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Background: Adhesion and biofilm formation are two important steps in Candida pathogenesis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of bcr1 gene in Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates from women with vaginal candidiasis and its impact on biofilm formation. Methods: We used 50 clinical isolates which confirmed C. albicans by PCR-RFLP. Then total RNA was extracted from C. albicans isolates by glass bead and lysis buffer, and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase enzyme. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of bcr1 gene. Biofilm formation was evaluated in 96-well microplate and then tetrazolium reduction was assayed. All data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS software. Results: Fifty clinical isolates out of 150 were confirmed as C. albicans by using PCR-RFLP method. All the isolates were resistant to fluconazole, 47/50(94%) isolates had bcr1 gene by using PCR, and 45(95.7%) out of 47 isolates, showed BCR1 expression by the RT-PCR. Isolates which harbored bcr1 gene was succeed to form a dense biofilm on microplate. Comparison of the results of the tetrazolium reduction assay on the two isolates that had BCR1expression and two isolates that had no BCR1 expression showed significant differences (p=0.014). Conclusion: According to our result, all of the isolates that had bcr1 gene expression according to RT-PCR, were also resistant to fluconazole in disk diffusion test and additionally, their adherence was higher compared to the control group. These results indicate that there is a positive relation between expression of bcr1 gene and biofilm formation.

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Background: In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus agr groups to detect the predominant type according to the source of isolation and assessed the possible relationship between agr groups, types of infection and susceptible or resistance to methicillin. Materials and Methods: DNA of 194 S. aureus isolates were extracted by lysozyme-phenol chloroform method that included 85clinical samples, 58 samples were isolated from nose of health care workers and 51 were obtained from food products in Gorgan, North of Iran. PCR-based assays were used for the identification of agr specificity group and mecA gene. Results: The majority of isolates belonged to agr group I (43.3%), followed by agr group III (28.87%), agr group II (22.68%), agr group IV (5.15%) and 40.7% of strains were MRSA. In our study, the majority of S. aureus isolates recovered from health care workers and food products were agr group I and isolates recovered from patients were agr group III, these differences were statistically significant (P-value <0.05). There was no statistical difference between the agr groups, infection type and susceptibility or resistance to methicillin. However, agr group III was the predominant group in MRSA strains. Conclusion: Theagr group I was predominant among isolates of health care workers and food products specimens in Gorgan, North of Iran, while agr group III was predominant in MRSA strains and the isolates from patients. Investigation of the possible role of agr group III in S.aureus infections in the further studies is recommended.

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Vibrio cholerae O1 are classified into two biotypes, classical and El Tor based on susceptibility to bacteriophages and some biochemical properties, each encoding a biotype-specific genetic determinants. Before 1961, most epidemics had been caused by the classical biotype. However, with the passage of time, the classical biotype missed from the scenario and the El Tor emerged as the major biotype causing the cholera in humans. The present cholera global pandemic is attributed to a change among seventh pandemic strains and emergence of V. cholerae O139, V. cholerae O1 El Tor hybrid, and V. cholera O1 El Tor with altered cholera toxin subunit B. The V. cholerae  biotypes are not only different in phenotype but also human infections caused by them are different clinically. Infection with classical V. cholerae O1 more frequently produces severe infection than does El Tor, suggesting that the genetic and phenotypic differences between the two biotypes may also be reflected in their pathogenic potential. Considering the recent emergence of “hybrid biotype” and “El Tor variant” in different areas and in our country, we reviewed differences in genetic structure of V. cholerae biotypes.

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Background: This study was performed to determine antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) compared to voriconazole on clinical and standard strains of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Materials and Methods: Inhibitory potency of nano-Ag was determined using microtiter broth dilution method. Susceptibility tests were performed against A. fumigatus isolated from BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients who suffered from respiratory problems and compared with the strain (ATCC: 204305) by broth dilution antifungal susceptibility test of filamentous fungi approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A. In addition, cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticles was studied on epithelial cell line by MTT assay.
Results: From 60 BAL samples the following strains were isolated; A. flavus (n=21), A. niger (n=3), and A. fumigatus (n=1). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) values of nano-Ag were 0.25 and 0.5 μg.mL^-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. The  Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values of nano-Ag were 0.5 and 1 μg.mL^-1for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. MIC90 values of voriconazole were 0.125 and 0.25 μg.mL^-1 for standard strain and clinical isolate respectively. The MFC values of voriconazole were 0.25 and 0 μg.mL^-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity in 0.25 μg.mL^-1 concentration.
Conclusion: Our results showed high antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Aspergillus isolates. Furthermore, the availability of a wide form of nano-Ag structures can be considered as novel agents to decrease fungal burden in medical application.

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Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are at the risk of the acquisition of occupational transmissible diseases. Controversial results have been reported about hepatitis C virus (HCV). The main objective of the recent study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HCV and its relationship to the occupational history and exposure of HCWs in two teaching hospitals in Tehran-Iran.

Materials and Methods: A seroprevalence survey of HCV was conducted using serum samples obtained from 1400 HCWs in two teaching hospitals during 2012. The samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies.

Results: In none of the participants the HCV antibody was detected. Needle stick injury was significantly higher among nurses. Younger HCWs with a shorter professional life had more frequent needle stick injury (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HCV in HCWs was considerably lower than that reported in the general population, and needs to be evaluated on a larger scale.

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Background: Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a commensal organism in the urogenital tract and rectum in approximately 25% of the healthy adult female population. The bacterium is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis in human infants.
Materials and Methods: Our study was performed over a three - month period from April to June 2014. Midstream specimens of urine were collected from outpatients suspected of having a bacterial urinary tract infection, which had not received any antibiotics. Group B Streptococci isolates were confirmed by typical colony morphology and identified by differential tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) based on (CLSI) Guidelines 2012.
Results: GBS strains were isolated from 264 (21.1%) cases (out of 1249 positive bacterial urine cultures). The higher prevalence was recorded in the 15-44 and 45-64 age groups. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that vancomycin, penicillin, and linezolid had the lowest, and tetracycline had the highest resistance rate.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of the present study confirm the universal susceptibility of GBS strains to the penicillin family and assert the use of penicillin or ampicillin as the first drug of choice for treatment and prophylaxis against GBS infections. However, it is important to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing whenever penicillin could not be prescribed.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become the most common cause of infections in burn patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotyping and genotyping of P.  aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Mottahari hospital during June-October 2016. 
Materials and Methods: A total of 78 P.  aeruginosa strains were collected from wound infected patients. Identification of the isolates was performed by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific 16srDNA PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The isolates were then evaluated for genotyping by ERIC-PCR.
Results: From a total of 78 collected isolates, 77 isolates (98.7%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by specific PCR. We found 4 antibiotypes. The highest resistance was observed to imipenem and gentamicin (~100%), and the most sensitivity was shown to colistin (100%). Overall, MDR phenotype was observed in most of the isolates (98.7%). The PCR of ERIC box produced 52 different patterns and 3 main clusters. Also, 59 (83%), 2 (3%), and 9 (13%) isolates were included in Cluster A, B, and C, respectively, and Cluster A was the predominant ERIC profile.
Conclusion: The high resistance to antibiotics in our study may be due to their abundant use as the prophylactic or treatment regimen in wound infections. So appropriate use of antibiotics seems necessary, and colistin is a proper choice for treatment of burn infection. In genotyping, 3 main clusters and 52 different patterns were shown. A majority of the P.  aeruginosa strains isolated  from  burn   patients were related and belonged to Cluster A.

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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in humans. HPV is associated with gynecologic malignancy and cervical cancer among women worldwide. In the current study we sought to determine the prevalence rate of HPV in Iranian women identified with cervical infections.
Materials and Methods:  Prevalence rate of HPV in Iran was investigated from 2000-2016 using several databases including Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database. Statistical analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V2.2, Biostat) software. Random effects models were used by taking into account the possibility of the heterogeneity between the studies, which was tested through the Cochran’s Q-statistic.
Results: The meta-analyses showed that the prevalence rate of HPV infections was 38.6 % (95% CI, 27.9-50.5) among Iranian women with cervical infections. The further stratified analyses indicated that the prevalence rate of HPV was higher in the studies conducted during the 2000-2008 years.
Conclusion: The results of the present study underscore the need for further enforcement of STD control strategies in Iran. Establishing advanced diagnostic facilities for HPV, vaccination of high risk groups, and continuous monitoring of HPV are recommended for HPV prevention and control.

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Background: Rapid test and conventional ELISA are common immunological assays used for the detection of HIV infection. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence rate of   HIV infection by rapid test used for screening HIV infection and then confirmed the positive cases with ELISA and western blot tests.
Materials and Methods: In this analytical descriptive study, 1964 out of 6923 patients who were referred to the Consult Center of Behavior Diseases, West Health Center (Valfajr Clinic), Iran University of Medical Sciences were subjected to rapid test for screening HIV infection from July 2012 to September 2014.
Results: Thirty seven out of 1964(1.88%) cases were confirmed as positive by rapid HIV test. All of the positive cases confirmed by rapid test were also confirmed as positive by ELISA and western blot tests. According to the data analysis of this study, among people diagnosed as HIV positive using rapid test, 12(32.4%) cases had unsafe heterosexual contact, followed by 10 (27%) cases of IDUs with a history of prison, shared injection, and unsafe heterosexual contact.
Conclusion:  The use of rapid test as a screening test for diagnosing HIV infection and the confirmation of all the positive and suspected negative cases by the ELISA test or western blot is recommended. 

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Aim: Pediatric sleep problems can result in negative consequences for both mothers and children. Considering the relatively high prevalence of sleep disorders among children with ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), this study was designed to investigate the impact of a sleep hygiene intervention to promote sleep problems in children with ADHD and maternal mental health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 62 children aged 7-13 years with the diagnosis of ADHD and comorbid sleep disorders accompanied by their mothers. Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) were completed by the children's mothers, and then the participants were allocated randomly into experimental and control groups. Mothers of the children in the experimental group received a sleep hygiene educational intervention, which was delivered through a training session and a booklet followed by two telephone calls and educational text messages. Participants in the control group received usual clinical care. The post-test was performed two months after intervention.
Findings: 56 participants (experimental group: n=28, control group: n=28) completed the survey. Data analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significant reduction in mean scores of CSHQ (P=0.001) and stress subscale scores (F= 0.106, P= 0/015), after controlling pre-test. Besides, the mothers' stress was correlated with the children's CSHQ overall scores (r= 0.52, P= 0.001).
Conclusion: Implementing a sleep hygiene intervention in a sample of children with ADHD could result in improved children sleep problems and maternal well-being.

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Background: Aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus spp in immunocompromised patients. The role of HSP90 in Aspergillus drug resistance is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of HSP90 gene and polyene resistance in Aspergillus spp using PCR.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Aspergillus strains were used, which were isolated from patients susceptible to aspergillosis through Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and identified by conventional methods. The isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Susceptibility testing against amphotericin B was conducted according CLSI standards (M38-A). Also, the presence of HSP90 gene was evaluated using PCR.
Results: Of 32 Aspergillus strains used in this study, 16 (50%) isolates were identified as A. Flavus, 12 (37.5%) isolates as A. fumigatus, and 4 (12.5%) isolates as A. terreus. Among these species, 19 (59.37%) isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B whereas 13 (40.62%) were resistant. Moreover, there was a significant difference  between the presence of HSP90 gene and resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus species.

Conclusions: The presence of HSP90 gene provides evidence that shows this gene may play important role in resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus isolates. Although numerous regulatory genes are involved in resistance mechanisms, they remaines to be more clarified

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Background: Recently, the use of probiotics in preventing and treating the immune system diseases through changes in blood factors has attracted the attention of researchers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 on changes of blood factors, influencing the autoimmune system diseases.
Materials and Methods: The rats used in this study were divided into four groups (n=10 each), including control (saline), damage with Ethidium bromide (EB), L. plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 treatment groups. In damage and treatment groups, a single dose of 3μL EB was directly injected into hippocampus of rats for inducing demyelization. Also, in control group, the same amount of saline was used. Then 2×10⁸ probiotic bacteria were administered by gavage for 28 days. Then serum calcium and cholesterol levels were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (p≤ .05).
Results: The results showed that level of blood serum calcium increased insignificantly in the L. plantarum and Bifidobacterium B94 treatment groups compared to control group.  Also, the level of blood serum cholesterol decreased insignificantly in both treatment groups compared to control group.
Conclusion: Probiotics are used for preventing and treating some of the common autoimmune diseases such as MS. Previous studies showed that probiotics affects some of the blood parameters such as calcium and cholesterol while decrease or increase in these parameters is effective in the improvement of MS.  Although no significant finding has been obtained in some of these studies, they have almost confirmed the recommendation of probiotic consumption.

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Aim: Oral health is among the important components of individual general health that affects the health of entire body. This study aims at investigating the effect of educational intervention on the primary school students' oral health.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 175 primary school students recruited randomly from different regions of Dehloran City during the school year of 2014-15. The testimonial was obtained after holding briefings for the parents. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was administrated at baseline and 3 months after the intervention. The content validity was approved by the expert panel and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSS software 18, inferential statistical tests, and paired t-test. This study was supported by the HSR Council and the Ethics Committee of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.
Findings: The results indicated significant changes in the samples' knowledge (from 3.6±1.37 to 4.98± 1.57), attitude (from 28.17±5.7 to 30.98±6.35) and behavior (15.03 ±2.98 to 17.08 ±2.60) after the intervention.
Conclusion: The positive results of educational intervention indicate that the education through appropriate methods can improve students' behavior in the field of oral health. Therefore, it is suggested more emphasis on oral health education at school age.

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Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a life time disease that requires change in patients' self-care and life style. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors on the self-care of patients with DM in Ardabil City, Iran in 2016.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 129 patients with DM referred to the diabetic centers of Ardabil. We used the components of PRECEDE model for planning the program. The educational program was executed on six information sessions. Changes in the predisposing, reinforcing, enabling factors and self-care behaviors one month after the intervention activities were assessed by using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 software using descriptive and analytical tests.
Findings: The mean age of the patients was 56.82(±13.4) years, 69.8% of them were married and 20.2% were illiterate. According to the results, the mean scores for the knowledge, attitude, self-efficiency, self-care behavior, and reinforcement factors increased significantly after the educational intervention (p-value >0.001).
Conclusion: Educational intervention with PRECEDE-PROCEED model improved the diabetic patient’s self-care.

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