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Aims: Adolescence is one the most precarious periods of life, concerning the drug abuse. The social cost of the drug abuse and injury among adolescents is extraordinary and requires intervention. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is perhaps the most influential theory for prediction of social and health behaviors including drug abuse. This study aimed at designing and implementing a curriculum based on the TPB for preventing adolescents from drug abuse. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Hamadan, west Iran. We recruited 140 male high school students from randomly selected schools: they were divided into experimental group, n = 70 and control group, n = 70. The experimental group received 20 hours educational program based on the TPB. The control group receives no intervention. Findings: Compared to the control group, experimental group have significantly elevated post test scores for attitude (19.07 vs. 15.28, p < .001), subjective norm (18.08 vs. 16.45, p < .001), perceived behavioral control (51.67 vs. 54.82, p < .001); and their intention to use drug significantly decreased(p = 0.082) Conclusions: The TPB-based educational program may be effective in prevention of substance abuse among adolescents.

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Background: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an lgA mediated small vessel systemic vasculitis disease in children. The etiology and pathogenesis of HSP disease remain unknown. However, environmental and genetic risk factors could play important roles in susceptibility to HSP disease. In this study we investigated the association of 5՛-untranslated region polymorphism (-634G/C) of VEGF gene with HSP among Iranian Azeri Turkish population. Methods: Thirty unrelated Iranian Azeri Turkish children with HSP and fifty healthy unrelated subjects without HSP and other inflammatory diseases were enrolled in this population. -634G/C polymorphism of VEGF gene was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) technique. Results: The distribution of CC genotype in VEGF -634G/C polymorphism statistically showed a significant difference in HSP patients in compare to that of control group (P= 0.009). Conclusions: The CC genotype of VEGF -634G/C polymorphism could be associated with susceptibility to HSP disease in Iranian Azeri Turkish ethnic group.

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Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) has been recognized, as the most common inflammatory disease in the world. Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs), as a new feasible source with high numbers of stem cells and proliferative capacity have been used for regenerative medicine. Based immunomodulatory and chondrogenic properties of ASCs, this study aimed to assess intra articular injection of ASC effect on improvement of osteoarthritis signs. Methods and Materials: Adipose tissue samples were obtained from subcutaneous of abdomen. ASCs were isolated and cultured for at least three passages in culture media containing autologous serum and expanded them to 15-20 × 10⁶ cell. The morphology and proliferative potency of ASCs were determined. Immuno phenotype characteristics of ASCs were analyzed by flow-cytometry. Then cell suspensions were injected into knee articular spaces. After 6 months the function of knee was assessed by WOMAC, KOOS, Lysholm and Lequesne indexes. Results: The results of this study showed that homogenous spindle-shape ASCs expanded rapidly with low doubling time. The low expression of CD14 and CD45 indicated that ASCs are non hematopoietic cells and expressed high percentages of CD44, CD105 and CD90. Our results showed that injected ASCs were effective in improvement of OA by scoring systems for evaluation of pain, joint movements and daily physical activities were significantly changed due to injection of stem cells. Osteoarthritis severity indexes means of WOMAC and Lequesne were decreased from 53 to 12.3 and 15.1 to 2.1 respectively. Also osteoarthritis improvement indexes Lysholm & KOOS means were significantly increased from 35 to 15.1 and 70 to 126.7 respectively. In six months follow up of intra articular injection of ASCs, we observed no local or systemic side effect. After ASCs injection, walking distance considerably increased. The flexion angle of knee improved by 20-30 degrees compares to before of treatment. Conclusion: Autologous ASCs injection could be resulted in increasing of knee function, alleviated of pain and quality of life improvement.

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The words "Halal Tayyib" and "Tayyibat" used in the Qur'an, more than twenty times (explicitly or as a clear example) about food. This phrase has been translated by the translators of the Quran in various forms. The question that arises in this context is that: what is the exact meaning of "Halal Tayyib"? The author of the article suggests two meanings for this phrase: "Persian:  ؛گواراtasty" and "Persian:  ؛خوشgood" and continues to prove these two meanings based on the realistic evidences. In this regard, more than fifty Persian translations of Quran have been reviewed, and then the result has been that the meanings of "Persian:  ؛پاکیزهclean"   and "Persian:  ؛حلالlawful" are not accurate for this word but considered among the figurative meanings of it. Most of the translators have not translated "Halal" in its precise meaning.  But in the meantime there are interpreters who translated "Tayyib" to "Persian:  ؛گوارا و لذیذtasty and delicious" but unfortunately they translated this word in various forms and did not adopt a single procedure in all the verses of the Holy Quran. But it should be noted that some interpreters adopted a single procedure and translated the word "Tayyib" to "Persian:  ؛پاکیزهclean" in all cases, although it is not an exact equivalent for "Tayyib".  Another finding of the present study is that the combination of "Tayyip" and "halal" is an adjectival combination which most of the translators did not pay attention to it and finally translated it with the conjunction letter "Halal and Tayyib".

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According to the statute of the World Health Organization (WHO), health is considered as an individual and social value, and one of the most obvious human rights and needs. The carriage of heavy schoolbags by children is a concern for all those involved in student health and well-being. Backpacks are the most commonly used type of bag, and overweight backpacks are associated with several health issues, including increased spinal curvature, discomfort, and back and shoulder pain while the majority of students were carrying as much as 30% to 40% of their body weight. In this way posture modifications have been reported when children carry a load that corresponds to more than 10% of their body .
In addition Items carried by students in their daily school bags have been found to include, but are not limited to books, pencil cases, scientific calculators, and sport-specific training clothing,  lunch boxes and full water bottles. Even an empty backpack can distort posture and cause pain. There is no way to safely carry weight in a backpack, no matter how light the load, because it disrupts our body mechanics by design .
 

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Aim: This study aimed to: a) investigate the prevalence of women’s marriage above the age of 35 years, b) determine the magnitude of age gap between women and men who want to marry, and c) assess the clients’ information sources in premarital counseling centers about marriage.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, we collected the data of all marriages registered in one year period in two premarital consulting centers in Tabriz City. Also the prevalence of women’s marriage above the age of 35 was calculated. All subjects registered in one month were asked about their information sources about marriage and the age gap between woman and man.
Findings: In total, the median age of marriage for women was 21 years and for men was 26 years. In 5% (no. 980) of all marriages, the age of bride was above 35 years. On average, women were 5 years older than men. The main information source of the couples about marriage was their families followed by mass media like Radio & TV.
Conclusion: A substantial proportion of women’s marriages occur after the age of 35 and this issue necessitates the actions to improve the knowledge of young people about the ideal age for marriage in order to reduce the couples’ problems and decrease the probability of congenital diseases in their children.

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Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus strains, as one of the important foodborne pathogens, isolated from unpacked ice creams.
Materials & Methods: A total of 122 unpacked ice cream samples were randomly collected from different localities in East Azerbaijan province and transferred to the laboratory using a cool box and screened for the presence of S. aureus strains. Also, the isolates resistance to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method.
Findings: In total, 21.3% of the ice creams samples were contaminated with S. aureus strains. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the highest resistance was against penicillin and erythromycin, whereas the highest susceptibility was observed against gentamicin and rifampin. A warning issue was the significant resistance to vancomycin.
Conclusions: The relative high isolation and antimicrobial resistance rates detected in S. aureus strains isolated from unpacked ice creams underline the necessity for applying strict standards at all processing steps by food control agencies and emphasize the need for educational efforts for those personnel involved in products preparation procedures in order to promote food hygiene. It is worth noting that the emergence of resistance to vancomycin, as the last line of treatment for staphylococcal infections, is a worrying global health concern. Moreover, this study highlighted that poor adherence to personal hygiene and health principles during the food products preparation and/or storage could be a potential factor in the spread of pathogenic bacteria and resistance genes in the community.

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This article has no abstracts.
 

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Backgrounds: Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of increasing concern to humans and animals. Considering the side effects of drugs used to treat toxoplasmosis, it is essential to find alternative drugs.
Materials & Methods: In this study, colchicine and propranolol at four concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 15 µg/mL) were added to the RPMI medium containing peritoneal macrophages and incubated for 60 min, Then tachyzoites were added to the medium, and the efficacy rates of colchicine and propranolol in inhibiting tachyzoites entry into macrophages were evaluated after 30 and 60 min. For in vivo assay, one group received no drugs, and the second group was treated with colchicine and propranolol at different concentrations for different durations.
Findings: The in vitro experiment showed that treatment with 15 mg/mL of colchicine and propranolol for 60 min following tachyzoites addition was the most efficient method to inhibit tachyzoites penetration, indicating the efficacy rates of 80.20%±1.20 and 89.97%±1.30, respectively (p< .05). Based on the in vivo test, pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of colchicine one hour before tachyzoites injection had the best inhibitory effect (70.32%±4.07). Also, pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of propranolol 90 min before tachyzoites injection (78.54%±1.99) induced the best inhibitory effect (p< .05).
Conclusion: According to the results, colchicine and propranolol could inhibit tachyzoites entrance into nucleated cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the most efficient concentrations and times for using these substances were determined.
 

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Aims: Orthodontic pain is the most common reason why patients request for ceasing treatment. This study was intended to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the SF-MPQ (P-SF-MPQ) after a translation and back-translation process.
Instrument & Methods: The items of the questionnaire were translated from English to Persian by an orthodontist and retranslated to English by another orthodontist. To determine the face validity and content validity, a questionnaire was prepared. The reliability of the research tool was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient. In order to assess the construct validity, 200 patients were asked to fill out the P-SF-MPQ.
Findings: Two items of SF-MPQ were omitted from the final version according to their low CVR. The mean of the CVI, CVR, and Impact Coefficient was obtained as 0.798, 0.53, and 3.29, respectively. To evaluate internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha was calculated as 0.851. To evaluate the stability of the results The ICC for the whole questionnaire was 0.848, which was statistically significant (p<0.001). The KMO value was calculated as 0.90, which indicates the appropriate sample size for exploratory factor analysis (KMO>0.6). The value of Chi-square was calculated as 108.52 which indicates the desirability of the model (p<0.001). Factor analysis showed that items of the P-SF-MPQ can be organized into three factors: chronic pain, beating pain, and sharp pain.
Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the revised McGill Pain Scale in orthodontic patients is valid and can be used to evaluate orthodontic pain in Iranian patients.
 

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Objective: CREB1 is an important downstream protein for many signaling pathways. By designing efficient siRNAs against CREB1, it may be possible to assess the role of molecules involved in signaling pathways in different cell types. In this research the efficiency of CREB1 knockdown by two different siRNAs in K562 cells has been studied. Materials and Methods: siRNAs have been designed according to the criteria suggested by Reynolds et al. K562 cells were transfected by siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. The efficiency of CREB knockdown has been assessed by quantitative relative Real-time PCR. Results: Our results have shown that only one of the siRNAs has a high level of inhibitory effect on CREB1 gene expression. The expression of CREB1 by this siRNA was knocked-down by 87% in K562 cells. Conclusion: In this research, although two siRNAs were designed according to the Reynolds et al. criteria, only one showed an inhibitory effect. Reasons other than the aforementioned criteria may be involved in effectiveness of siRNAs.

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Aims: Despite the benefits of Patient-Centered Communication (PCC), there are problems with its implementation. Problems are related to characteristics of patients or health systems, patterns of patient-physician interaction, or perspectives in defining PCC. This study aimed to examine determinants of PCC from the viewpoint of faculty members, medical residents and interns, and patients and recommends tips for improving Patient-Physician Relationships (PPR).
Participants & Methods: In this qualitative content analysis study in 2018 at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, data were gathered using focus groups (62 participants), semi-structured interviews (31 participants), and participatory observations based on purposive until the saturation was achieved. The content was analyzed through a thematic, manifest summative analysis. Standards for methodological rigor were enhanced through different strategies.
Findings: The findings were classified into four categories matched with four core concepts of PCC: 1) Respect and dignity, 2) Information sharing, 3) Participation, and 4) Collaboration. Sub-categories included recognition of patients’ individuality, attention to patients’ needs, physicians’ personal characteristics, physicians’ communication competencies, patient-focused care, patients’ trust-supported attitude, physicians’ motivation, physicians’ working context, socio-cultural inductions, organizational policies, and physicians’ professional responsibility.
Conclusion: Patient-centered communication can be characterized by honoring patients’ individuality, paying attention to patients’ needs, focusing on physicians’ proper personal characteristics in continuing medical education, enhancing physicians’ communication competencies, institutionalization of patient-focused care, creating trust-supported attitudes among patients, increasing physicians’ motivation, regulating physicians’ working context, serious attention to social and cultural inductions, making supportive organizational policies, and evaluating physicians’ professional responsibilities.