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How to improve the performance of sports clubs

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Sports and sports businesses

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Investigating barriers to entrepreneurship of graduates of physical education colleges

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The role of participation in sports and socialization

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The present study aimed to investigate the use of social marketing in promoting the tendency of teachers toward Sport for all. The statistical population was made up of all the Administrations of Education departments of the provinces. Through the multi-stage sampling method, in the first stage, ten provinces out of the 31 provinces of the country were selected as a random cluster. Furthermore, using Morgan's table, 400 questionnaires were distributed in proportion to the population of educators in each province. Finally, 344 usable questionnaires were collected. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by experts and statistical tests. Questionnaires were distributed through email, Social media, and face-to-face. The results showed that personal investment had the highest impact factor concerning social marketing (0.94). Furthermore, among the components of social marketing, participation cost had the highest impact factor (0.94). Social marketing communications (0.929) and accessibility (0.869) were in the next ranks. A high correlation was observed between social marketing and participation culture (0.775). Also, there was a significant relationship between social marketing and participation in sports (0.413, p<0.01). This shows the importance of the culture of participation. Finally, the path coefficient of social marketing on teachers' participation in sport for all was 0.572, which reports a positive and significant relationship.
 

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  Nowadays Stress has become a universal issue. As stress starts to push on a person and the person has no defying abilities, then there would be a long period of imbalance and high pressure which can cause negative consequences such as burnout. The optimum level of functionality in a family could be vary and influenced by changes in family conditions, interactions between employment and economic situation and other sources of stress.  The main goal of this research was to indicate the relationship between coping strategies and burnout on family function duty Statistical sample of employees and their Spouses who have chosen using simple random sampling. Three questionnaires including coping strategies, Burnout and Family function duty (FAD) have been distributed. The data have been analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis methods. The results showed that there was a positive significant relation between burnout and family function duty. This factor was able to explain 61 %   variance of family function duties. There is not significant relation between coping strategies and family function duty. Therefore increasing and decreasing burnout can influence normal and abnormal family function.  

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Backgrounds: SARS-COV-2 infection is not always correlated with protection. Antibody seroprevalence in unvaccinated individuals, which is usually measured by N-specific antibodies, is not necessarily correlated with protection, while antibodies against S protein show a better correlation with protection due to its neutralizing epitopes. In this study, we tried to improve our conception of the hidden perspective of SARS-COV-2 in epidemiological reports and investigate anti-S antibody prevalence among anti-N antibody-positive asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients.
Materials & Methods: Blood samples were collected from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic volunteer participants and symptomatic hospitalized patients with negative PCR results from May 30 to June 17, 2020. Detection of SARS-COV-2 antibodies was done using an ELISA kit targeting N or S protein.
Findings: Totally, 716 samples from volunteer participants and 81 samples from symptomatic hospitalized patients with negative PCR results were evaluated. The test performance-adjusted seroprevalence (95% CI) of SARS-COV-2 antibody was 17.3% (8.8-25.8%) for anti-N IgG in volunteers and 25.5% (12.8-39.7%) for anti-N and anti-S IgM in hospitalized patients. Among anti-N IgG positive infected individuals, 49.2% (21.4 and 78.8%) were anti-S antibody positive.
Conclusion: The results showed that SARS-COV-2 infection sometimes occurs in individuals without symptoms or with mild symptoms, but in more than half of them, the produced antibody is not protective. The findings of hospitalized patients showed that the combination of IgM assay with real-time PCR improved the disease diagnosis by more than 25% in cases with negative molecular test results.

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Species of the genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 from India are studied. The species C. gracile Hensen, 1988 is recorded for the first time from India. The reported distributions of C. bengalense Dahlbom, 1845 within various states of India are augmented here. A modified key to the species of Chalybion from India is provided. Diagnosis, figures, and table showing comparison of newly recorded species, i.e., C. gracile with the widely distributed C. bengalense is provided. Diagnostic morphological characters of both C. gracile and C. bengalense are illustrated here.

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 Aspergillus flavus is one of the important species of molds that can produce toxins during improper storage of wheat grains. In this study, different amounts of calcium oxide (0, 0.5, and 1%) were mixed with wheat samples containing mold spores. After 20 days, the samples were exposed to gamma radiation (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 KGy). The presence of A. flavus, Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), aflatoxin B₂ (AFB₂), aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁), and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂) was assessed in samples. The results indicated that the effects of calcium oxide, gamma irradiation, and their interactions were significant on A. flavus, AFB₁, and AFB₂ contamination. Furthermore, other toxins like AFG₁ and AFG₂ were not found in the samples. An additional reduction in AFB₁ and AFB₂ was observed when irradiation was accompanied by Cao, and the maximum inhibition of aflatoxin production was achieved at 0.5% CaO. Consequently, based on the standard maximum limit of 10 KGy for cereals, the findings of this research suggest that 0.5% of calcium oxide and 10 KGy of irradiation could be applied in the storage of wheat grains to mitigate A. flavus, AFB₁, and AFB₂.

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Odonata diversity of the Kuruva Islands in Wayanad, a part of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot in southern India, was studied for a year using transect counts. A total of 59 species were recorded of which 7 are endemic to the Western Ghats. Herb cover, shrub cover, open space, water pH, air temperature, and a composite water chemistry variable incorporating conductivity, TDS, and salinity emerged as the most important predictors of Odonata diversity. The distribution of the endemic and Vulnerable Disparoneura apicalis (Fraser, 1924) in the islands is influenced by particular species of plants that act as their perching posts and ovipositing sites. It is recommended that the tourists visiting the Kuruva Islands be sensitized about the importance of the place as an odonate habitat. The highly range-restricted D. apicalis can be made a flagship species for the conservation of this unique ecosystem.

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Aims: Modernization and globalization have rendered teenagers susceptible to environmental influences, including risky sexual behaviors. Comic media, serving as a graphic medium, functions as a tool for simplifying complex topics, instilling value, captivating interest and attention, aiding in data interpretation, and condensing information. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of health education utilizing digital comic media in promoting healthy reproductive behavior among adolescents.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental research with a one-group pre-test-post-test design was done on 100 students. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16 by the Wilcoxon test.
Findings: There was an improvement of 3.2 in the behavior mean score from the pre-test to the post-test. The results of bivariate analysis using the Wilcoxon test on pre-test and post-test respondents revealed a p-value of 0.0001, which was less than 0.05. Therefore, there was a significant difference in knowledge and behavior between the pre-training and post-training stages using digital comics.
Conclusion: Health education delivered through digital comic media has a substantial impact on students’ knowledge and behavior, thereby contributing to the enhancement of healthy reproductive practices among teenagers at SMA N 01 Muaro Jambi.
 

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Karbala has been a multiple and dynamic space and so the writers’ perspective on it was multiple and dynamic as well. Geocriticism is one of the new interdisciplinary approaches that focuses on space in postmodern era. Geocriticism investigates the relation between subject and space and studies the geographical space and the imaginary space of literary texts. The current study was aimed at investigating the effect of space stratification on readers in a selected number of poems. Such stratification was influenced by time as well, creating different layers of texts in space. The researchers tried to unfold the space-time layers in these poems that shaped the space of Karbala, based on the spatiotemporality principle of Westphal theory. The results indicated that poets would identify themselves with these layers of space, as they unveil the dialectic between the self and the other. Moreover, in this study the viewpoint of the Christian poet (exogenous) was studied against the Muslim poet (endogenous), by applying multifocalization principle of Westphalian theory. The principle focuses on different points of views being endogenous, exogenous and allogenous. The study reveals the convergence of selected poets’ perspectives

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of grafting of watermelon hybrids ‘Obla F₁’ and ‘Vanessa F₁’ on to Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata rootstock TZ 148 and Lagenaria sp. rootstock ‘Dias F₁’, on the volatiles and yield of fruit and the plant growth. Fruit volatiles analysis showed the presence of two aldehydes, namely (E)-2-nonenal and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadien-1-al, with (E)-2-nonenal being present at higher concentrations in grafted than in un-grafted plants. Grafted plants had also higher growth rate, total yield, and fruit number than un-grafted plants, whereas the percent dry matter of leaves and shoots was higher in ungrafted plants. No differences were observed for mean fruit weight, fruit shape, and rind thickness. Fruit from grafted plants had more compact flesh and less acid fruit juice than fruit from ungrafted plants. Fruit volatile components differed between ungrafted and grafted plants. With regards to sugar content, no significant differences between grafted and ungrafted plants were observed, except in the case of ‘Obla F₁^’ hybrids. Sodium concentration of plant tissues and fruit was higher in ‘Obla F₁^’ ungrafted plants, as well as carotenoid, lycopene, and vitamin C content in fruit, but only in the second year. In conclusion, rootstock-scion combination implemented in the present study affected plant growth and fruit yield and quality, rendering the choice of rootstocks and scions of major importance in order to achieve the highest yield and quality of watermelon fruit.

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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires are currently employed in robotics as actuators of prosthetic limbs and medical equipment due to advantages such as reducing the size in the application, high power-to-weight ratio and elimination of complex transmission systems. In this paper, a fuzzy control system has been designed and implemented for an artificial finger using the SMA actuators. This robotic finger has been designed and modeled with three revolute joints and three SMA wires as the tendon in order to adduction each phalange of the finger and torsional springs to restore them to their original positions. The dynamic model of the finger has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulation. Based on the simulation results, optimal choice of parameters and system features has been obtained and a prototype of finger has been built and tested. Gains of the controllers are set so that the current applied to SMA wires has minimum overshoot and the output of the system has minimal time to achieve stability. The comparison between the simulation results and the actual measured data show that the simulated model is accurate.

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Softening, enzymatic browning and microbial activity are the most common problems of pomegranate arils during storage. In order to improve these problems, postharvest treatments of nitric oxide and cold storage were studied on pomegranate arils. Therefore, In order to evaluate the effect of temperature and different concentrations of nitric oxide on pomegranate arils, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. In this study, nitric oxide was used at concentrations of 0, 5 and 10 µM/L as liquid solutions. The arils were dipped in solution for fifteen seconds and were packed by polyethylene containers after drying at room temperature. They were stored at cold temperatures (2, 4 and 8°C). The qualitative, quantitative and biochemical parameters were measured on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of the storage period. The ANOVA results showed that the different concentrations of nitric oxide and storage temperatures caused significant differences among most of the evaluated parameters. The exposure of arils to nitric oxide at concentration of 10 µM/L and storage at 8°C caused them lower 50% weight loss and less 21% ion leakage, as well as higher marketability, anthocyanin content, total phenolic and antioxidant activity compared to arils of the control group storage at 2°C after 21 days. In general, arils treated with 10 µM/L of nitric oxide at 8°C showed the best apparent quality and storage life of pomegranate arils.    
 

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Abstract
In recent years, the individuals' demand for consumption of healthy and useful products has increased. With regard to the specific role of breakfast cereal in today's dietary habit, the incorporation of nutrients into their formulation is considered as a way to produce functional food products. So in this research, the effect of extrusion variables containing feed formulation (whole oleaster flour to whole oat flour (10 to 90, 25 to 75 and 40 to 60%), feed moisture (14, 18 and 22%) and screw speed (120, 150 and 180 rpm) on some properties of snack was investigated. Thus, the central composite design was used to assess the water absorption index (WAI), water activity (a_w), expansion ratio. Based on the obtained results, in a constant condition of other variables (feed moisture; 18% and screw speed; 150 rpm), an increase of the whole oleaster flour ratio from 10 to 40% decreased the WAI (from 5.64 to 5.16) and expansion ratio (from 1.72 to 1.48). While, an increase of the feed moisture from 14 to 18% led to an increase in the WAI (from 5.01 to 5.16) and water activity (from 0.33 to 0.63), when replacement level and screw speed were 25% and 150 rpm, respectively. The evaluation results of the screw speed in the moisture of 14 and 22% indicated that increasing the speed resulted in a decrease and increase in WAI, respectively. In addition, the relationship between the expansion ratio and microstructure was proved by scanning electron microscopy method. The optimum condition was found to the blends of whole oleaster flour/whole oat flour (10:90), screw rate of 180 rpm, and feed moisture content of 22% with desirable properties including (0.64%), expansion ratio(1.85), water absorption index(6.26).

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Abstract
With regard to the importance of breakfast cereal in today's eating habit, these products can serve as vehicles for the main nutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of extrusion variables containing replacement level of whole oat flour with whole oleaster flour (10, 25 and 40%), feed moisture (14, 18 and 22%) and screw speed (120, 150 and 180 rpm) on some physical and functional properties of breakfast cereal. These properties included moisture content, bulk density (BD), hardness (HD), water solubility index (WSI) and color parameters assessed by central composite rotatable design. Based on the obtained results, an increase of the whole oleaster flour and feed moisture increased the moisture content and hardness and decreased the yellowness of the samples. While the water solubility index was increased by increasing the whole oleaster flour and was decreased by increasing the feed moisture. The evaluation results of the screw speed indicated that increasing the speed resulted in less bulk density, hardness and water solubility index. Additionally, the lightness of samples decreased due to a higher amount of all the variables studied. On the one hand, the difference between ingredients content and structure of the whole oleaster flour and the whole oat flour was one of the most effective factors on the obtained results. On the other hand, the influence of the feed moisture and screw speed, as very important factors of the extrusion process, on the physical and functional properties of the product was completely recognized. Optimum condition was found to the blends of whole oleaster flour/whole oat flour (10:90), screw rate of 180 rpm, and feed moisture content of 22% with desirable properties including humidity(10.26%), bulk density (0.11 g/cm3), hardness (11.01 N), water solubility index (12.66 %), lightness (56.09).
 

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The purpose of this study was to explain the current water governance at Gawshan Watershed Basin in Kermanshah Province and then provide an alternative conceptual framework for good governance of water resources at the basin scale. Participants were selected purposefully among the representatives of rival groups. Participatory workshop technique was used to collect data with the aid of interviews and focus group discussions. Analysis of the interviews led to classification of the challenges of water governance into several categories. These include the lack of participation, fairness, accountability, responsiveness, legitimacy, transparency and consensus-oriented processes. Then, water governance solutions were extracted based on the consensus among the participants. These include farmers’ contribution to decision- making processes regarding agricultural water consumption, empowering the local people to negotiate and manage conflicts, establishing a participatory mechanism to manage water conflict, holding training courses and workshops for staff to get acquainted with the principles of good governance, creating transparent and accessible information system by agricultural water section, and holding education-extension courses to increase information and awareness of the stakeholders in line with responsibility. Finally, a framework for good governance of water resources in the watershed basin was drawn up after linking the concepts.
 

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