Showing 11 results for Pregnant Women
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2017)
Abstract
Aim: Caesarean section is dramatically increasing across the world. Pregnant women have an increasing tendency for caesarean section without acceptable medical indications. In general, 50 to 60% of childbirths in Iran are cesarean section. Despite the high complications of cesarean section, they are not caused by medical problems. Therefore, the current survey aims to screen the effect of education on choosing delivery mode based on BASNEF model.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study was done on 160 nulliparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were assigned randomly to the intervention (80 subjects) and control (80 samples) groups. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to collect the required data. Education and its content were developed according to the BASNEF model and the pregnant women's educational requirements. Numerous education methods were implemented in all target groups of intervention including pregnant women, their family and the health staffs. To analyze the data, paired and McNemar tests through SPSS version 18 were utilized. Significant level was also considered <0.05.
Findings: The majority of women were in the age range of 24-20 years. Only 1.2% of the women were illiterate in both groups. Knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, subjective norms and intention were significantly different between the two arms before and 2 months after the intervention (p=0.001) except for intention. In addition, in the intervention group, they get information significantly from friends, families, printed materials, educational films, educational sessions in the Health Centers, and the health personnel after the intervention (p=0.001).
Conclusion: Designing educational programs about delivery mode based on BASNEF model appeared to be beneficial due to the model‟s emphasis on subjective norms and enabling factors; therefore, educational programs based on change behavior model can notably decrease the unnecessary cesarean section in the country.
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Aims: Health literacy becomes increasingly important in understanding the prenatal perception of risk by pregnant women. Maternal understanding of and perception of risk may have an impact on mothers’ willingness to follow antenatal recommendations. This study aimed at investigating correlation between maternal health literacy and dietary self-efficacy in pregnant mothers.
Instruments & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 120 pregnant mothers were selected from health centers in Mashhad city, Iran in 2016. The subjects were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data were collected using Maternal Health Literacy and Pregnancy outcomes Questionnaire and Perceived Dietary Self-efficacy Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software and using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and frequency) and analytical statistical tests (independent t-test, ANOVA, Turkey’s Post hoc test and Pearson correlation test).
Findings: There was a positive and significant correlation between maternal health literacy and dietary self-efficacy (r=0.29; p=0.001). Significant relationships were found between maternal health literacy and educational level, incomes, and living place (p<0.05). But dietary self-efficacy had only a significant relationship with incomes (p<0.05).
Conclusion: There are the significant correlation between maternal health literacy and self-efficacy in pregnant mothers.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (4-2019)
Abstract
Aims: A pregnant woman’s nutrition is the main source for fetal development that affects both her and the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention on appropriate pregnancy weight gain in first-time pregnant women.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 86 first-time pregnant women who attended eight urban health centers in Khorram Darreh, Zanjan, Iran in 2018-2019. The subjects were selected by stratified sampling method and randomly divided into intervention (N=43) and control (N=43) groups. Before intervention, maternal body mass index was measured and the NUTRIKAP questionnaire was used on both groups. The education was provided by a trained nutritionist in three hour-long sessions in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. The posttest was done immediately after training. At the end of the third trimester, the weight of the pregnant women was measured in both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using independent T, Chi-Square, and Univariate ANCOVA tests.
Findings: By controlling the pre-test effect, after the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge (p=0.019) and practice (p<0.001) were significantly different between intervention and control groups, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of attitude variable (p=0.311). The two groups had a statistically significant difference in weight gain during pregnancy (p<0.015).
Conclusion: The educational intervention is effective on appropriate pregnancy weight gain in first-time pregnant women.
Bahare Ghanbari, Majid Akbari, Nazila Najdi, Mohammad Arjomandzadegan, Azam Ahmadi,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common problem among pregnant women. The most common cause of these discharges is bacterial vaginosis (BV), which has numerous complications and causes problems for pregnant mothers and their fetuses. The purpose of this study was to determine the BV frequency among pregnant women referring to a gynecology clinic in Arak city using Amsel and Nugent criteria, Alberta guideline, and PCR.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 70 vaginal samples of pregnant women in Arak to investigate the most common causes of vaginal discharge according to Amsel and Nugent criteria and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using specific primers targeted towards three bacteria: Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus curtisii. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi-square test.
Findings: In this study, ten (14.28%) out of 70 pregnant women had positive bacterial vaginosis according to Amsel criteria. According to Nugent criteria and Alberta guideline, three (4.29%) cases were diagnosed with definite BV, 20 (32.26%) cases with intermediate BV with clue cells, 42 (67.74%) cases with intermediate BV without clue cells, and finally five (4.29%) cases with negative BV. Also, according to PCR, the frequency of G. vaginalis, M. curtisii, and A. vaginae in vaginal samples was 71.42% (50 cases), 64.28% (45 cases), and 30% (21 cases), respectively.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the prevalence of definite bacterial vaginosis was lower than that of vaginitis, and most patients suffered from nonspecific vaginitis.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Aims: Nowadays, cesarean increased in most countries in the world, such as Iran, while cesarean is considered major surgery and it is often associated with very dangerous complications, like other major surgeries. This study aimed to determine the effect of education in choosing the type of delivery in primiparous pregnant women.
Materials & Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 190 primiparous pregnant women applicant cesarean in the third trimester of pregnancy, referred to health centers in Ramhormoz, Iran in 2018 (95 experimental groups and 95 control group). The educational program about cesarean was included four sections of 90min in the form of group education. The questionnaire written by Seyedeh Nouri & Jamshidi was used, and outcomes were included knowledge and attitude that were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 using T and Chi-square tests.
Findings: The mean age of the experimental group was 27.37±0.00, and the control group was 27.91±0.00. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in demographic variables (p>0.05). Before training, the mean of knowledge was not significantly different, but training was significantly different between the experimental and control groups. The mean scores of dimensions of the reasons for choosing cesarean section before training were not significantly different between the experimental group and control group (p>0.05), but after training, there were significant differences between the two groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Educational intervention used effectively enhanced the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women in choosing the type of delivery.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the predictors of health-related quality of life in pregnant women based on Pender’s health promotion model.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive correlational study, 300 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were selected by simple random sampling from one of the community health centers of Yazd province. Data were collected through a demographic information questionnaire, a short-form health survey v.1, and a questionnaire based on Pender's model constructs. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS 18 software.
Findings: The psychological dimension of quality of life was significantly correlated with perceived effects, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits (p<0.05). Also, the physical dimension of quality of life had a significant correlation with perceived barriers, social support, affect, and benefits (p<0.05). The regression analysis results showed that the variables of perceived barriers, social support, positive and negative effect, and perceived benefits had significant effects on the physical dimension of health-related quality of life (p<0.002). Moreover, the variables of positive and negative affect, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits influenced the psychological dimension of health-related quality of life (p<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, perceived effect, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits constructs are suitable for the psychological dimension of health-related quality of life, perceived barrier constructs, and social support effects. The perceived benefits are appropriate for predicting the physical dimension of quality of life.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2022)
Abstract
Aims: Although physical activity has many health benefits during pregnancy, few women engage in regular physical activity. The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of a physical activity scale in pregnant women based on social cognitive theory.
Instrument & Methods: A multi-phase scale development method was used to build the scale. To generate a pre-final version of the instrument, face and content validity were measured at the following step. The validation of the instrument was evaluated through a sample of 240 pregnant women. Then, the construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha of the scale were calculated.
Findings: In the beginning, a 36-item scale was created by undertaking a qualitative phase. This number was lowered to 24 items after content validity. Seven factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis (outcome expectations, outcome value, self-efficacy, social support, self-regulation, mutual determinant, and behavior) which accounted for 52% of the observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a model with a suitable fitness for the data. For the subscales, Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.94, and the Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.80 to 0.88, which is within acceptable limits.
Conclusion: The findings showed that the psychometric properties of the physical activity scale is valid and reliable scale that can help us better understand aspects associated to physical activity in pregnant women. As a result, it has the potential to be employed in the future research.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (1-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Maternal mortality and morbidity are serious health problems, especially in developing countries. Complications tend to increase in pregnant women with risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of integrated health education in increasing the knowledge of pregnant women to detect high-risk pregnancies.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study, with a pre-test and post-test design, was conducted on 90 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy, in Jambi City, Indonesia, from July 2020 to March 2021. The samples were divided into three groups, 30 participants received the Maternal and Child Health Handbook method, 30 others received videos, and 30 others received brochures. Before and after the intervention, participants' knowledge was assessed using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilxocon test and moderated regression analysis test.
Findings: Most of the respondents' knowledge before the intervention of Handbook was in the Poor category (86.7%). After the intervention, the knowledge of pregnant women was mainly in the Good category (60%). Before the video intervention, most of the respondents' knowledge was poor (46.7%); after the intervention, it was in the Good category (93.3%). Likewise, before the brochure intervention, most of the respondents had poor knowledge (93.3%), and after the intervention, most of them (86.7%) had good knowledge. After the implementation of the interventions, the mean score of knowledge increased significantly compared to before the interventions (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Maternal and Child Health Handbook, video media, and brochures effectively increase pregnant women's knowledge to detect high-risk pregnancies.
Volume 11, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Fear is a strategy for dealing with situations in which something is considered a threat. This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its effect on Quality of Life in pregnant women.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 12,576 pregnant women were studied in six Pontianak-Health-Centers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Three survey instruments, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, obstetric status, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and the QoL Gravidarum (QoL-GRAV), were used to assess for an association between fear of COVID-19 and pregnancy-related QoL using the Pearson correlation test. Generalized linear modeling was used to identify dominant variables.
Findings: The fear experienced by pregnant women had an average score of 21.6±9.6. The QoL average score was 25.0±8.7. The general linear model showed a dominant relationship between parity status (β=-0.083; t=-2.141; p=0.005) and job (β=-0.75; t=1.923; p=0.033) with QoL in pregnant women. COVID-19 had no significant relationship with QoL (β=-0.11; t=-2.809; p=0.055).
Conclusion: There is no correlation between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life, while job and parity influence the quality of life in pregnant women.
Volume 11, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Common mental disorders increase the risk of pregnancy, and the number is relatively high in economically developing nations. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of common mental disorders and assess the associated risk factors for common mental disorders in a pandemic situation in Indonesia.
Instrument & Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 1,543 subjects in Banyumas-District, Central Java, Indonesia, recruited from January to August 2022. Social support, marital satisfaction, COVID-19 diagnosis, and pregnancy characteristics were the main risk factors measured. Data were collected using a standardized online questionnaire distributed through snowball sampling. Multiple logistic regression was applied to estimate the risk of having common mental disorders in gravid individuals.
Findings: The prevalence of common mental disorders was 17.5%, with a higher case of common mental disorders found in pregnant women who had low social support, poor marital satisfaction, COVID-19 survivors, primigravida, and early pregnancy. After the bivariate analysis, family income, type of family, number of pregnancies, gestational age, and social and marital satisfaction were analyzed in the multivariate test. In the final model, poor relationship quality was the highest risk factor for having common mental disorders in the subjects (OR=5.11; 95%CI=3.33-7.83; p<0.001).
Conclusion: The number of common mental disorders in Indonesian pregnant women is relatively high. Poor relationship quality is the highest risk factor for having common mental disorders. Addressing social and educational determinants is vital for enhancing maternal mental health.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (1-2024)
Abstract
Aims: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a specially designed educational intervention on the rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women.
Materials & Methods: This two-arm parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted in 2020 in Khoy, West Azerbaijan, Iran. The study population included all pregnant women diagnosed with IDA. IDA was determined through laboratory tests. A total of 200 participants were selected using a simple random method. Using the quadruple block allocation method, participants were divided into two groups: an intervention group (n=100) and a control group (n=100). The control group received standard care. The intervention group participated in a program consisting of four 45-to-55-minute training sessions over four weeks. Each session included lectures, educational videos, question-and-answer segments, small group discussions, and individual counseling. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests with SPSS version 16.
Findings: The age, education, employment status, health status, and gestational age of participants in both groups were similar (p>0.05). Additionally, the results of the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that the designed program significantly affected the reduction of IDA among participants, particularly among those with diabetes (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The designed educational intervention is effective in reducing IDA among pregnant women.
